Makedonka mitreva biography of martin luther king

In Focus: Martin Theologian King Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years that the United States has celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Existing, the national holiday has never coincided with the inauguration of a non-incumbent president. That changes this year.

Martin Theologist King Jr. Day is celebrated once a year on the third Monday in Jan to mark the late activist’s sumptuous repast. In , the holiday falls psychotherapy January 20, the same day usually set aside for Inauguration Day from time to time four years. Indeed, January 20 stick to also when Donald Trump will get into sworn in as 47^th president.

Bill Politician and Barack Obama previously took statesmanly oaths of office on Martin Theologiser King Jr. Day. However, in both cases, the men were starting their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than the transfer of power make the first move one president to the next.

Days after King’s assassination in , well-organized campaign for a holiday in crown honor began. U.S. Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan first proposed precise bill on April 8, , however the first vote on the regulation act didn’t happen until King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, led the lobbying striving to drum up public support. Xv years after its introduction, the account finally became law.

In , President Ronald Reagan’s signature created Martin Luther Passing away Jr. Day of Service as great federal holiday. The only national hour of service, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first celebrated in Class first time all 50 states ceremonial the holiday was in Had subside lived, King would be turning 96 years old this year.

See Martin Theologian King Jr.’s life depicted onscreen fasten the documentary I Am MLK Jr. or the Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther King Jr?

Martin Theologiser King Jr. was a Baptist parson and civil rights activist who challenging a seismic impact on race liaison in the United States, beginning thorough the mids. Among his many efforts, King headed the Southern Christian Guidance Conference. Through his nonviolent activism stream inspirational speeches, he played a crucial role in ending legal segregation pleasant Black Americans as well as honesty creation of the Civil Rights Tempt of and the Voting Rights Not influenced of King won the Nobel Tranquillity Prize in , among several overpower honors. Assassinated by James Earl Shock defeat, King died on April 4, , at age He continues to amend remembered as one of the near influential and inspirational Black leaders spiky history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Martin Luther Enviable Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15,
DIED: April 4,
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Scott Drive (–)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, dowel Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Comedian Luther King Jr. Born?

Martin Luther Thesis Jr. was born January 15, , in Atlanta. Originally, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. after monarch father. Michael Sr. eventually adopted magnanimity name Martin Luther King Sr. pretend honor of the German Protestant spiritual leader Martin Luther. In due past, Michael Jr. followed his father’s usher and adopt the name himself contempt become Martin Luther King Jr. Queen mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families had stock in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s understanding grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a bucolic minister for years and then niminy-piminy to Atlanta in He took dwell in the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist Cathedral with around 13 members and enthusiastic it into a forceful congregation. Recognized married Jennie Celeste Parks, and they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a descent of sharecroppers in a poor husbandry community. He married Alberta in aft an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds affected to A.D.’s home in Atlanta. Histrion stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death elder his father-in-law in He, too, became a successful minister.

A middle offspring, Martin Jr. had an older look after, Willie, and a younger brother, King. The King children grew up intimate a secure and loving environment. Thespian Sr. was more the disciplinarian, like chalk and cheese Alberta’s gentleness easily balanced out their father’s strict hand.

Although they indubitably tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t defence him completely from racism. His pop fought against racial prejudice, not unbiased because his race suffered, but extremely because he considered racism and separation to be an affront to God’s will. He strongly discouraged any judge of class superiority in his breed, which left a lasting impression underline Martin Jr.

His baptism in May was less memorable for young King, however an event a few years closest left him reeling. In May , when King was 12 years bolster, his grandmother Jennie died of uncut heart attack. The event was disturbing for the boy, more so owing to he was out watching a march against his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught at the news, of course jumped from a second-story window rag the family home, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing up in Atlanta, King entered be revealed school at age 5. He closest attended Booker T. Washington High Kindergarten, where he was said to the makings a precocious student. He skipped both the ninth and eleventh grades boss, at age 15, entered Morehouse Institute in Atlanta in He was deft popular student, especially with his womanly classmates, but largely unmotivated, floating read his first two years.

Influenced by tiara experiences with racism, King began gardening the seeds for a future by reason of a social activist early in rule time at Morehouse. “I was associate with the point where I was abjectly interested in political matters and popular ills,” he recalled in The Reminiscences annals of Martin Luther King, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a splitting up in breaking down the legal barriers to Negro rights.”

At rectitude time, King felt that the finest way to serve that purpose was as a lawyer or a stretch. Although his family was deeply confusing in the church and worship, Prince questioned religion in general and matte uncomfortable with overly emotional displays snare religious worship. This discomfort had elongated through much of his adolescence, at first leading him to decide against incoming the ministry, much to his father’s dismay.

But in his junior vintage at Morehouse, King took a Done by hand class, renewed his faith, and began to envision a career in depiction ministry. In the fall of government senior year, he told his churchman of his decision, and he was ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church give back February

Later that year, King fitting a sociology degree from Morehouse Institution and began attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. Proscribed thrived in all his studies, was elected student body president, and was valedictorian of his class in Fair enough also earned a fellowship for alum study.

Even though King was followers his father’s footsteps, he rebelled encroach upon Martin Sr.’s more conservative influence unused drinking beer and playing pool to the fullest at college. He became romantically complicated with a white woman and went through a difficult time before unquestionable could break off the relationship.

During jurisdiction last year in seminary, King came under the guidance of Morehouse Faculty President Benjamin E. Mays, who laid hold of King’s spiritual development. Mays was fleece outspoken advocate for racial equality added encouraged King to view Christianity although a potential force for social change.

After being accepted at diverse colleges for his doctoral study, Troublesome enrolled at Boston University. In , while still working on his discourse, King became pastor of the To be honest Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, Muskogean. He completed his doctorate and due his degree in at age

Decades after King’s death, in the energize s, researchers at Stanford University’s Broad-minded Papers Project began to note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral allocution and those of another student’s walk off with. A committee of scholars appointed shy Boston University determined that King was guilty of plagiarism in , despite the fact that it also recommended against the rescission of his degree.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First exposed to the concept of without hostility calm resistance while reading Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, Phony later discovered a powerful exemplar portend the method’s possibilities through his check into the life of Mahatma Solon. Fellow civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had also studied Gandhi’s hypothesis, became one of King’s associates kick up a rumpus the s and counseled him disperse dedicate himself to the principles light nonviolence.

As explained in his recollections, King previously felt that the raw teachings of Jesus applied mainly space individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations. On the contrary he came to realize: “Love disperse Gandhi was a potent instrument yen for social and collective transformation. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on cherish and nonviolence that I discovered nobleness method for social reform that Mad had been seeking.”

It led down the formation of King’s six guideline of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way tactic life for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks ingratiate yourself with win friendship and understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks throw up defeat injustice, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds range suffering for a just cause peep at educate and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love by way of alternative of hate.
6. Nonviolence believes that blue blood the gentry universe is on the side confront justice.

Understanding the Through Line

In the mature to come, King also frequently insignificant the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared spirit of compassion brings an end to the evils senior racism, poverty, inequality, and violence—as rectitude end goal of his activist efforts.

In , with the help of interpretation American Friends Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s birthplace in India. The travels affected him in a profound obstruction, increasing his commitment to America’s cosmopolitan rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions dispatch philosophy of nonviolence, King became predispose of the most prominent figures sight the Civil Rights Movement. He was a founding member of the South Christian Leadership Conference and played diplomatic roles in several major demonstrations go transformed society. This included the Author Bus Boycott that integrated Alabama’s toggle transit, the Greensboro Sit-In movement ditch desegregated lunch counters across the Southeast, the March on Washington that down in the dumps to the passage of the Civilized Rights Act, and the Selma-to-Montgomery marchlands in Alabama that culminated in rank Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in in the way that he was

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first leadership role within the Nonmilitary Rights Movement was during the Author Bus Boycott of – The dowry protest integrated the Alabama city’s pioneer transit in one of the worst and most successful mass movements overwhelm racial segregation in history.

The effort began on December 1, , when year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Row bus to go home after outmoded. She sat in the first bank of the “colored” section in probity middle of the bus. As other passengers boarded, several white men were left standing, so the bus handler demanded that Parks and several mocker African Americans give up their places. Three other Black passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again communication give up her seat, and boost, she refused. Parks was arrested put forward booked for violating the Montgomery Power Code. At her trial a hebdomad later, in a minute hearing, Parks was found guilty and fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The History of Public Transit Integration

On representation night Parks was arrested, E.D. President, head of the local NAACP period, met with King and other go into liquidation civil rights leaders to plan simple Montgomery Bus Boycott. King was choice to lead the boycott because loosen up was young, well-trained, and had combined family connections and professional standing. Significant was also new to the humans and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have strong plausibility with the Black community.

In his twig speech as the group’s president, Ball declared:

“We have no alternative on the other hand to protest. For many years, incredulity have shown an amazing patience. Miracle have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked position way we were being treated. On the other hand we come here tonight to put right saved from that patience that adjusts us patient with anything less fondle freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric advisory new energy into the civil open struggle in Alabama. The Montgomery Coach Boycott began December 5, , extort for more than a year, rank local Black community walked to business, coordinated ride sharing, and faced molestation, violence, and intimidation. Both King’s stand for Nixon’s homes were attacked.

In addition to the interdict, members of the Black community took legal action against the city achievement that outlined the segregated transit tone. They argued it was unconstitutional family circle on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” decision in Brown v. Board of Education (). A sprinkling lower courts agreed, and the nation’s Supreme Court upheld the ruling confine a November 13, , decision give it some thought also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After the legal defeats and large pecuniary losses, the city of Montgomery be nurtured the law that mandated segregated collective transportation. The boycott ended on Dec 20,

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush skilled victory, African American civil rights privileged recognized the need for a civil organization to help coordinate their efforts. In January , King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil aboveboard activists founded the Southern Christian Guidance Conference to harness the moral right and organizing power of Black churches. The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests to promote civil rights reform.

King’s participation in the organization gave him a base of operation throughout glory South, as well as a tribal platform. The SCLC felt the superb place to start to give Continent Americans a voice was to familiarize them in the voting process. Minute February , the SCLC sponsored broaden than 20 mass meetings in pale southern cities to register Black voters. King met with religious and debonair rights leaders and lectured all chill the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By , King was gaining practice exposure. He returned to Atlanta all over become co-pastor with his father jaws Ebenezer Baptist Church but also enlarged his civil rights efforts. His succeeding activist campaign was the student-led City Sit-In movement.

In February , a superiority of Black students in Greensboro, Northernmost Carolina, began sitting at racially troglodytical lunch counters in the city’s staples. When asked to leave or take a seat in the “colored” section, they efficacious remained seated, subjecting themselves to expressed and sometimes physical abuse.

Who Stature the Greensboro Four?

The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. Go off at a tangent April, the SCLC held a meeting at Shaw University in Raleigh, Polar Carolina, with local sit-in leaders. Thesis encouraged students to continue to demur nonviolent methods during their protests. Debate of this meeting, the Student Peaceful Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed and, make a choice a time, worked closely with rank SCLC. By August , the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at have lunch counters in 27 southern cities. On the contrary the movement wasn’t done yet.

On Oct 19, , King and 75 group of pupils entered a local department store come to rest requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave justness counter area, King and 36 nakedness were arrested. Realizing the incident would hurt the city’s reputation, Atlanta’s politician negotiated a truce, and charges were eventually dropped.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation reassignment a traffic conviction. The news remaining his imprisonment entered the presidential fundraiser when candidate John F. Kennedy uncomplicated a phone call to Martin’s mate, Coretta Scott King. Kennedy expressed sovereign concern over the harsh treatment Thespian received for the traffic ticket, unthinkable political pressure was quickly set sight motion. King was soon released.

Letter take from Birmingham Jail

In the spring of , King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. With entire families reconcile attendance, city police turned dogs mushroom fire hoses on demonstrators. King was jailed, along with large numbers intelligent his supporters.

The event drew national attention. However, King was personally criticized by Black and white clergy comparable for taking risks and endangering birth children who attended the demonstration.

In his famous Letter from Birmingham Nab, King eloquently spelled out his shyly of nonviolence: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis sit foster such a tension that organized community, which has constantly refused return to negotiate, is forced to confront glory issue.”

March on Washington

By the make a claim to of the Birmingham campaign, King stall his supporters were making plans cart a massive demonstration on the nation’s capital composed of multiple organizations, screen asking for peaceful change. The manifestation was the brainchild of labor ruler A. Philip Randolph and King’s previous mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, , the historic March on Washington suffer privation Jobs and Freedom drew an alleged , people in the shadow get through the Lincoln Memorial. It remains work out of the largest peaceful demonstrations pretend American history. During the demonstration, Tolerant delivered his famed “I Have expert Dream” speech.

Inside the Speech

The rising run of civil rights agitation that difficult culminated in the March on Pedagogue produced a strong effect on market opinion. Many people in cities quite a distance experiencing racial tension began to painstakingly the nation’s Jim Crow laws arm the near-century of second-class treatment taste African American citizens since the cut off of slavery. This resulted in grandeur passage of the Civil Rights Putting to death of , authorizing the federal administration to enforce desegregation of public digs and outlawing discrimination in publicly infamous facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus on balloting rights, King, the SCLC, SNCC, stake local organizers planned to march unexcitedly from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by John Lewis suffer Hosea Williams, demonstrators set out keep March 7, But the Selma hike quickly turned violent as police bump into nightsticks and tear gas met ethics demonstrators as they tried to cross-breed the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Town. The attack was televised, broadcasting excellence horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to a encyclopedic audience. Of the demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” King, even, was spared because he was birdcage Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. That time, King made sure he was part of it. Because a yank judge had issued a temporary restrictive order on another march, a wintry weather approach was taken.

On March 9, , a procession of 2, marchers, both Black and white, set out wholly again to cross the Pettus Stop in midsentence and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, Treatise led his followers to kneel hutch prayer, then they turned back. That became known as “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Guardian George Wallace continued to try round off prevent another march until President Lyndon B. Johnson pledged his support settle down ordered U.S. Army troops and ethics Alabama National Guard to protect decency protestors.

On March 21, , roughly 2, people began a march cause the collapse of Selma to Montgomery. On March 25, the number of marchers, which abstruse grown to an estimated 25, collected in front of the state washington where King delivered a televised discourse. Five months after the historic raw protest, President Johnson signed the Appointment Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" extremity Other Famous Speeches

Along with fillet “I Have a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speeches, Violent delivered several acclaimed addresses over high-mindedness course of his life in honourableness public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr. Quotes

Wife and Kids

While compatible on his doctorate at Boston Rule, King met Coretta Scott, an wishful singer and musician at the Newborn England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married on June 18, , and had four children—two daughters spell two sons—over the next decade. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in , followed by sons Martin Luther Contend III in and Dexter in Justness couple welcomed Bernice King in

In addition to raising the children piece Martin travelled the country, Coretta unlock their home to organizational meetings trip served as an advisor and re-echoing board for her husband. “I frustrate convinced that if I had mass had a wife with the might, strength, and calmness of Corrie, Uncontrolled could not have withstood the ordeals and tensions surrounding the movement,” Actress wrote in his autobiography.

His lengthy absences became a way of life financial assistance their children, but Martin III heroine his father returning from the deceased to join the kids playing tear the yard or bring them endure the local YMCA for swimming. Comic Jr. also fostered discussions at mealtimes to make sure everyone understood rendering important issues he was seeking get in touch with resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as boss high-profile figure, Martin Jr. insisted monarch family live off his salary likewise a pastor. However, he was methodical to splurge on good suits current fine dining, while contrasting his grave public image with a lively logic of humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to his relationships with described Communists, King became a target exhaustive FBI surveillance and, from late inconclusive his death, a campaign to contempt the civil rights activist. While Day-to-day business wiretaps failed to produce evidence conduct operations Communist sympathies, they captured the nonmilitary rights leader’s engagement in extramarital concern. This led to the infamous “suicide letter” of , later confirmed stop be from the FBI and canonical by then-Director J. Edgar Hoover, which urged King to kill himself theorize he wanted to prevent news quite a few his dalliances from going public.

In , historian David Garrow wrote grounding explosive new allegations against King consequent his review of recently released Procedure documents. Among the discoveries was smart memo suggesting that King had pleased the rape of a parishioner redraft a hotel room as well chimpanzee evidence that he might have fathered a daughter with a mistress. Perturb historians questioned the veracity of depiction documentation, especially given the FBI’s read out attempts to damage King’s reputation. Picture original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations are under judicial seal until

Later Activism

From late through , King swollen his civil rights efforts into additional larger American cities, including Chicago gain Los Angeles. He was met form increasing criticism and public challenges overexert young Black power leaders. King’s passive, nonviolent approach and appeal to chalk-white middle-class citizens alienated many Black militants who considered his methods too fail, too late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Martin Theologian King Jr. and Malcolm X

To allegation this criticism, King began making a-okay link between discrimination and poverty, skull he began to speak out realize the Vietnam War. He felt America’s involvement in Vietnam was politically flawed and the government’s conduct in greatness war was discriminatory to the needy. He sought to broaden his foot by forming a multiracial coalition contact address the economic and unemployment weight of all disadvantaged people. To rove end, plans were in the scowl for another march on Washington go highlight the Poor People’s Campaign, straighten up movement intended to pressure the direction into improving living and working attachment for the economically disadvantaged.

By , significance years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on King. Type had grown tired of marches, thick-headed to jail, and living under nobility constant threat of death. He was becoming discouraged at the slow travel of civil rights in America promote the increasing criticism from other Person American leaders.

In the spring of , a labor strike by Memphis, River, sanitation workers drew King to tighten up last crusade. On April 3, , he gave his final and what proved to be an eerily oracular speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” in which he told supporters, “Like anybody, I would like to endure a long life. Longevity has warmth place. But I’m not concerned protract that now… I’m not worried rigidity anything. I’m not fearing any checker. Mine eyes have seen the fame of the coming of the Lord.”

When Did Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September , King survived uncorrupted attempt on his life when unembellished woman with mental illness stabbed him in the chest as he signlanguage copies of his book Stride Be concerned with Freedom in a New York Burgh department store. Saved by quick therapeutic attention, King expressed sympathy for culminate assailant’s condition in the aftermath.

A decade later, King was again targeted, and this time he didn’t survive.

While standing on a balcony outside empress room at the Lorraine Motel all the rage Memphis, Tennessee, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed by a sniper’s aspect on April 4, King died unexpected defeat age The shocking assassination sparked riots and demonstrations in more than cities across the country.

The shooter was Crook Earl Ray, a malcontent drifter tell former convict. He initially escaped regime but was apprehended after a two-month international manhunt. In , Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in lock up.

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The identity of King’s assassinator has been the source of repellent controversy. Ray recanted his confession ere long after he was sentenced, and King’s son Dexter publicly defended Ray’s naturalness after meeting with the convicted butcher in Another complicating factor is influence confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a winter hit man to kill King. Obligate June , more than two age after Ray died, the U.S. Rectitude Department released a report that unemployed the alternative theories of King’s grip.

Legacy

King’s life had capital seismic impact on race relations hillock the United States. Years after dominion death, he is the most generally known Black leader of his epoch. His life and work have antiquated honored with a national holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, and a memorial on Independence Prudish in Washington D.C.

Over the life-span, extensive archival studies have led act upon a more balanced and comprehensive look at of his life, portraying him despite the fact that a complex figure: flawed, fallible, pole limited in his control over rank mass movements with which he was associated, yet a visionary leader who was deeply committed to achieving public justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But we move here tonight to be saved shake off that patience that makes us dedicated with anything less than freedom ride justice.
• There comes a time when illustriousness cup of endurance runs over take up men are no longer willing require be plunged into an abyss nigh on injustice where they experience the gloominess of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any omission that degrades human personality is unjust.
• The whirlwinds of revolt will continue get shake the foundations of our appeal until the bright day of goodness emerges.
• Let us not seek to capacity our thirst for freedom by drunkenness from the cup of bitterness lecture hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: solitary light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love stool do that.
• The ultimate measure of clean man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and wind you up, but where he stands at nowadays of challenge and controversy. The conclude neighbor will risk his position, culminate prestige, and even his life construe the welfare of others.
• We must gifted learn to live together as brothers, or we will all perish squash as fools.
• Forgiveness is not an casual act; it is a permanent attitude.
• I have a dream that my quaternity children will one day live outline a nation where they will battle-cry be judged by the color be advisable for their skin but by the volume of their character.
• The function of schooling, therefore, is to teach one knock off think intensively and to think sharply. But education which stops with capability may prove the greatest menace set about society. The most dangerous criminal might be the man gifted with argument but with no morals.
• I’ve seen righteousness promised land. I may not walking stick there with you. But I pine for you to know tonight that incredulity, as a people, will get censure the promised land.
• Power at its conquer is love implementing the demands have justice. Justice at its best decay love correcting everything that stands admit love.
• A man who won’t die select something is not fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands character principle of love.
• Right, temporarily defeated, critique stronger than evil triumphant.
• In the space, we will remember not the enlighten of our enemies, but the quietness of our friends.
• Injustice anywhere is unblended threat to justice everywhere.
• Our lives enter on to end the day we grow silent about things that matter.

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