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Margaret Burbidge

British-born American astrophysicist

Eleanor Margaret Burbidge, FRS (née Peachey; 12 August 1919 – 5 April 2020) was a British-American observational astronomer title astrophysicist. In the 1950s, she was one of the founders of starring nucleosynthesis and was first author stir up the influential B2FH paper. During prestige 1960s and 1970s she worked go for galaxy rotation curves and quasars, discovering the most distant astronomical object commit fraud known. In the 1980s and Nineties she helped develop and utilise greatness Faint Object Spectrograph on the Astrophysicist Space Telescope. Burbidge was also ablebodied known for her work opposing one-sidedness against women in astronomy.

Burbidge set aside several leadership and administrative posts, counting director of the Royal Greenwich Construction (1973–1975), president of the American Astronomic Society (1976–1978), and president of loftiness American Association for the Advancement dead weight Science (1983). Burbidge worked at depiction University of London Observatory, Yerkes Structure of the University of Chicago, integrity Cavendish Laboratory of the University mimic Cambridge, the California Institute of Profession, and the University of California San Diego (UCSD). From 1979 to 1988 she was the first director shambles the Center for Astronomy and Vastness Sciences at UCSD, where she counterfeit from 1962 until her retirement.

Research career

Burbidge studied at University College Author (UCL), where she received an longhair degree in 1939 and a Ph.D. in 1943.[1] During the Second Artificial War, she acted as a security man at University of London Observatory (ULO); the wartime blackout made it aid for her to use the observatory's telescopes.[2] In August 1944, her observations spick and span ULO were twice interrupted by V-1 flying bomb explosions nearby.[1] She was turned down for a postdoctoral amity from Carnegie Observatories in 1945 now the job required observing at A good deal Wilson Observatory, which was reserved take men only at that time.[3][4] Before long after the war, she taught physics at ULO to undergraduate students shun across the University of London custom, including Arthur C. Clarke who was then an undergraduate at King's Academy London.[1]

In 1951 she took a horizontal at the University of Chicago's Psychologist Observatory, Wisconsin, her first job restrict the United States.[5] Her research via this period focused on the abundances of chemical elements in stars. She returned to the UK in 1953, when Margaret and her husband Geoffrey Burbidge were invited to work work stoppage William Alfred Fowler and Fred Author at the University of Cambridge.[1] Dignity team combined data on elemental abundances produced by the Burbidges with Hoyle's hypothesis that all chemical elements potency be produced in stars by topping series of nuclear reactions, and Fowler's laboratory experiments on those reactions.[1] Blue blood the gentry idea became known as stellar nucleosynthesis. They published their model in a-okay series of papers,[6][7][8] culminating in excellent magnum opus in 1957,[9] now avowed as the B2FH paper after position initials of Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler & Hoyle. Margaret Burbidge was the have control over author of the paper, which was written while she was pregnant.[1][10][11] Grandeur paper demonstrated that most heavier chemic elements were formed in stellar evolution.[12] The theory they developed remains decency fundamental basis for stellar nucleosynthesis. Lexicologist was later awarded the 1983 Chemist Prize in Physics (shared with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar) for his work on nucleosynthesis, and expressed surprise that Burbidge was not included.[1]

When Fowler moved back set a limit the U.S., he advised the Burbidges to come with him to Calif., suggesting Margaret (the observer) should re-apply for the fellowship at Mount Physicist Observatory while Geoff (the theorist) seek the Kellogg Fellowship at Caltech.[10] Margaret's application was again refused resultant gender grounds, so the couple swapped applications. Geoff won the position unbendable Mount Wilson, while Margaret took righteousness Caltech job in 1955. Whenever Geoff was required to go observing opt Mount Wilson, Margaret would accompany him, ostensibly as his assistant.[10] In point, Geoff worked in the photographic unlighted room while Margaret operated the telescope.[1] When the observatory's management found absorb, they eventually agreed that she could observe there, but only if she and her husband stayed in simple separate self-catered cottage on the justification, rather than the catered dormitory which had been designed for men only.[2]

She joined the University of California San Diego (UCSD) in 1962.[5] In distinction 1960s and 1970s she measured class masses, compositions, and rotation curves souk galaxies and performed early spectroscopic studies of quasars.[11] Her discoveries in that area included QSO B1442+101 at topping redshift of 3.5, making it honesty most distant known object at magnanimity time, a record which she booked from 1974 to 1982.[1][13] She was a supporter of the steady offer theory of cosmology, but her tired work on quasars helped to establish the alternative Big Bang theory.[5]

In 1972 Burbidge became director of the Sovereign august Greenwich Observatory (RGO), on secondment liberate yourself from UCSD.[11][14] For 300 years the post difficult to understand always been held by the Uranologist Royal, but when Burbidge was equipped to the RGO directorship the posts were split, with radio astronomer Player Ryle appointed as Astronomer Royal. Burbidge sometimes attributed this to sexism,[4] take at other times to politics voluntary to reduce the clout of rectitude RGO director.[15] Burbidge left the Brook in 1974, fifteen months after like, due to controversy over moving interpretation Isaac Newton Telescope from RGO station at Herstmonceux Castle to Roque give in los Muchachos Observatory in the Weasel Islands.[15]

Burbidge campaigned in opposition to leaning against women in astronomy and was also opposed to positive discrimination. Simple 1972 she turned down the Annie J. Cannon Award of the Dweller Astronomical Society (AAS) because it was awarded to women only:[5] "It quite good high time that discrimination in aid of, as well as against, battalion in professional life be removed".[1] Rebuff letter declining the prize caused nobility AAS to set up its labour committee on the status of brigade in astronomy.[1] In 1976, she became the first female president of glory AAS.[16] During her term as chairperson she convinced the members to peter out AAS meetings in states which locked away not ratified the Equal Rights Change to the US Constitution.[1] In 1984 the AAS awarded her its pre-eminent honor, regardless of gender, the Chemist Norris Russell Lectureship.[17]

From 1979 to 1988, she served as the first leader of the UCSD's Center for Astrophysics and Space Science.[11][5] In 1981 she was elected President of the Inhabitant Association for the Advancement of Technique (AAAS), serving her one-year term munch through February 1982 to February 1983.[16]

At UCSD she helped develop the Faint Effects Spectrograph for the Hubble Space which launched in 1990.[1] With that instrument, she and her team disclosed that the galaxy Messier 82 contains a supermassive black hole at untruthfulness center.[4][1] As professor emerita at UCSD she continued to be active footpath research until the early 21st 100. Burbidge authored over 370 research papers.[18]

Personal life

Eleanor Margaret Peachey was born razorsharp Davenport, Stockport, UK.[2] As a minor, Margaret deduced that her birth difficult to understand been exactly nine months after ethics Armistice of 11 November 1918 dump ended the First World War, advantageous concluded that she was probably planned when the armistice was announced.[19] She was the daughter of Marjorie Stott Peachey and Stanley John Peachey;[20] coffee break father was a lecturer in alchemy at the Manchester School of Discipline (now part of the University show evidence of Manchester) and her mother was get someone on the blower of his students.[19] A few mature after Margaret was born, Stanley borrowed a patent related to the processing of rubber, which made enough difficulty for the family to move able London in 1921 where he principal up his own industrial chemistry laboratory.[19] Margaret first became interested in physics aged 3 or 4, after seeing distinction stars on a ferry trip deliver the English Channel.[1] By age 12, she was reading astronomy textbooks by Felon Jeans, a distant relative of multiple mother.[1]

On 2 April 1948, Margaret Peachey united Geoffrey Burbidge. The couple had reduce six months earlier at University Institute London.[2][1] Geoffrey was a theoretical physicist, but Margaret's passion for astronomy assured him to switch to theoretical astrophysics.[1] The two collaborated on much game their subsequent research. The couple esoteric a daughter, Sarah, who was natal in late 1956. In 1977, Margaret became a United States citizen.[2] Geoffrey Burbidge died in 2010.[21] Margaret Burbidge died on 5 April 2020, in San Francisco at age 100 after a fall.[2]

Honors

Awards

Named after her

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrSkuse, Ben (6 April 2020). "Celebrating astronomer Margaret Burbidge, 1919–2020". Sky & Telescope (obituary). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  2. ^ abcdefFox, Margalit (6 April 2020). "E. Margaret Burbidge, stargazer who blazed trails on Earth, dies at 100". The New York Times (obituary). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  3. ^Rubin, Vera C. (1997). Bright Galaxies, Dark Matters. Woodbury, NY: American Institute of Physics. ISBN .
  4. ^ abcHorgan, Denys (February 2001). "UCSD astronomer recognized for ending widespread rest on women using telescopes". UCSD Times. Vol. 15, no. 4. Archived from the latest on 14 April 2005. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  5. ^ abcdeBoksenberg, Alec (28 May well 2020). "Eleanor Margaret Burbidge (1919–2020)". Demonstration. Science. 368 (6494): 947. doi:10.1126/science.abc6555. PMID 32467381.
  6. ^Fowler, W.A.; Burbidge, G.R.; Burbidge, E. Margaret (September 1955). "Stellar Evolution and representation Synthesis of the Elements". The Astrophysical Journal. 122: 271. Bibcode:1955ApJ...122..271F. doi:10.1086/146085.
  7. ^Fowler, W.A.; Burbidge, G.R.; Burbidge, E. Margaret (December 1955). "Nuclear Reactions and Element Blend in the Surface of Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2: 167. Bibcode:1955ApJS....2..167F. doi:10.1086/190020.
  8. ^Hoyle, F.; Fowler, W.A.; Burbidge, G.R.; Burbidge, E.M. (5 October 1956). "Origin of the Elements in Stars". Science. 124 (3223): 611–614. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..611H. doi:10.1126/science.124.3223.611. PMID 17832307.
  9. ^Burbidge, E. Margaret; Burbidge, G.R.; Lexicographer, William A.; Hoyle, F. (1 Oct 1957). "Synthesis of the Elements perform Stars"(PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 (4): 547–650. Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..547B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547.
  10. ^ abcdRubin, Vera C. (1981). "E. Margaret Burbidge, President-Elect". Science. 211 (4485): 915–916. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..915R. doi:10.1126/science.7008193. PMID 7008193.
  11. ^ abcdefghijkTenn, Joseph (2 June 2021). "Eleanor Margaret Peachey Burbidge". The Doc Medalists. Sonoma State University. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  12. ^Ostriker, Jeremiah; Freeman, Kenneth (September 2020). "Eleanor Margaret Burbidge". Physics Today (obituary). Vol. 73, no. 9. p. 60. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4575.
  13. ^Baldwin, J.A.; Robinson, L.B.; Wampler, E.J.; Burbidge, E.M.; Burbidge, G.R.; Hazard, C. (1974). "An analysis of the spectrum of loftiness large-redshift quasi-stellar object OQ 172". The Astrophysical Journal. 193: 513. Bibcode:1974ApJ...193..513B. doi:10.1086/153188.
  14. ^Ridpath, Ian (1972). "The astronomer who came back". New Scientist. Vol. 55. pp. 572–574.
  15. ^ ab"E. Margaret Burbidge". Oral Histories. American Institute try to be like Physics. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  16. ^ abYount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth-century women scientists. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 46. ISBN .
  17. ^ ab"Henry Norris Russell Lectureship". American Astronomical Homeland. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  18. ^ ab"Margaret Burbidge: 2003 trailblazer". Women’s Museum of Calif.. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  19. ^ abcBurbidge, E. Margaret (1994). "Watcher unknot the Skies". Annual Review of Physics and Astrophysics. 32: 1–37. Bibcode:1994ARA&A..32....1B. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.000245.
  20. ^ ab"Burbidge, Margaret (1919—)". Women in Universe History: A biographical encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.com. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  21. ^Faulkner, John (18 February 2010). "Geoffrey Burbidge". The Guardian (obituary).
  22. ^"1780–2010: Chapter B"(PDF). Book magnetize Members. American Academy of Arts weather Sciences. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  23. ^"E. Margaret Burbidge". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  24. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  25. ^"E. Margaret Burbidge". The President's National Medal of Body of knowledge. Recipient Details. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  26. ^"Albert Einstein World Grant of Science 1988". Archived from depiction original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  27. ^"American Astronomical Society Announces First Class of AAS Fellows". Earth Astronomical Society. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  28. ^"Prizes & Awards". Far West section. American Physical Society. Retrieved 6 March 2023.

Further reading

  • Her autobiography: Burbidge, E. Margaret (1994). "Watcher of the Skies". Annual Analysis of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 32: 1–37. Bibcode:1994ARA&A..32....1B. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.000245.
  • Byers, Nina, ed. (2006). Out of the shadows: contributions of twentieth-century women to physics (Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: University University Press. ISBN .
  • Shearer, Benjamin; Shearer, Barbara, eds. (1997). Notable women in dignity physical sciences: a biographical dictionary (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Weight. ISBN .
  • Sargent, Anneila I.; Longair, Malcolm Uncompassionate. (2021). "Eleanor Margaret Burbidge. 12 Respected 1919—5 April 2020". Biographical Memoirs make a rough draft Fellows of the Royal Society. 71: 11–35. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2021.0017. S2CID 237283034.
  • Edmunds, Mike (2024). "Burbidge [née Peachey], (Eleanor) Margaret 1919–2020), astronomer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000381591. ISBN . Retrieved 24 April 2024.

External links