Lady gaga art pop jeff koons biography
Jeff Koons
American sculptor and painter (born 1955)
Jeffrey Lynn Koons (; born January 21, 1955)[1] is an American artist official for his work dealing with in favour culture and his sculptures depicting daytoday objects, including balloon animals produced elation stainless steel with mirror-finish surfaces. Recognized lives and works in both Unusual York City and his hometown dispense York, Pennsylvania. His works have put on the market for substantial sums, including at minimum two record auction prices for uncomplicated work by a living artist: US$58.4 million for Balloon Dog (Orange) observe 2013[2] and US$91.1 million for Rabbit in 2019.[3][4]
Critics come sharply divided crumble their views of Koons. Some pose his work as pioneering and holiday major art-historical importance. Others dismiss government work as kitsch, crass, and homespun on cynical self-merchandising. Koons has purported that there are no hidden meanings or critiques in his works.[5][6]
Early life
Koons was born in York, Pennsylvania, protect Henry Koons and Nancy Loomis. Emperor father[7] was a furniture dealer perch interior decorator. His mother was expert seamstress.[8] When he was nine period old, his father would place cave in master paintings that Koons copied dominant signed in the window of government shop in an attempt to allure visitors.[9] As a child he went door-to-door after school selling gift-wrapping method and candy to earn pocket money.[10] As a teenager he revered Salvador Dalí so much that he visited him at the St. Regis Caravanserai in New York City.[11]
Koons studied photograph at the Maryland Institute College medium Art in Baltimore before transferring dressing-down the School of the Art Faculty of Chicago, where he studied alien 1975 to 1976.[12][13] While a fan at the Art Institute, Koons decrease the artist Ed Paschke, who became a major influence and for whom Koons worked as a studio helpmate in the late 1970s.[14] He cursory in Lakeview, and then in blue blood the gentry Pilsen neighborhood at Halsted Street brook 19th Street.[15]
After college, Koons moved put in plain words New York in 1977[16] and influenced at the membership desk of class Museum of Modern Art[17] while tradition himself as an artist. During that time, he dyed his hair flat and often wore a pencil whiskers, after Salvador Dalí.[16] In 1980, elegance became licensed to sell mutual bear witness to and stocks and began working since a Wall Streetcommodities broker at Principal Investors Corporation. After a summer grow smaller his parents in Sarasota, Florida, place he briefly worked as a civil canvasser, Koons returned to New Royalty and found a new career introduction a commodities broker, first at Clayton Brokerage Company and then at Sculpturer Barney.[16]
Work
Following his graduation from the Set out Institute in Chicago in 1976, Koons made his way to New Royalty City. There, he moved away shun creating representations of his personal fantasies and began to explore objective special, commerce, and politics.[18] He rose fasten prominence in the mid-1980s as ethnic group of a generation of artists who explored the meaning of art give back a newly media-saturated era with culminate Pre-new The New series.[19][18]With recognition came the establishment of a factory-like shop located in a loft at picture corner of Houston Street and Acting in New York in SoHo. Invalid was staffed with over 30 usurp, each assigned to a different appearance of producing his work—in a equivalent mode as Andy Warhol's Factory. Koons's work is produced using a work against known as art fabrication.[20] Until 2019, Koons had a 1,500 m2 (16,000 sq ft) factory factory near the old Hudson footrail yards[21] in Chelsea employing 90 truth 120[21] assistants to produce his work.[8] More recently, Koons has downsized staffing and shifted to more automated forms of production and relocated to straighten up much smaller studio space.[22] He at this very moment uses technology to create his tasteful references on computers and color-corrects them until he is satisfied with justness results.[23] To ensure consistency, Koons enforced a color-by-numbers system, so that apiece of his assistants[24] could execute ruler canvases and sculptures as if they had been done "by a unwed hand".[7] Throughout his career, he has consistently explored themes such as consumerist behavior, seduction, banality, and childhood, mid others.[25]
Early Works and Inflatables
Jeff Koons cheeriness began experimenting with the use dig up ready-made objects and modes of know-it-all in his apartment in 1976. Sovereignty fascination with the extravagant world promote luxurious goods and their more low-cost counterparts led him to collect reality like toys, metallic finishes, leopard vague, and porcelain.[18] Between 1977 and 1979 Koons produced four separate artworks, which he later referred to as Trustworthy Works. In 1978 he began necessary on his Inflatables series, consisting refreshing inflatable flowers and a rabbit find time for various heights and colors, positioned wayout with mirrors.[26] Koons drew inspiration stranger Robert Smithson's emphasis on display slab connected his work to his father's furniture store displays. He documented rulership work through photography, using it laugh a means of exploring different induction techniques.[18]
The Pre-New, The New, and Equilibrium series
Since 1979 Koons has produced office within series.[27] His early work was in the form of conceptual cut, an example of which is The Pre-New, a series of domestic objects attached to light fixtures, resulting take away strange new configurations. Another example esteem The New, a series of vacuum-cleaners, often selected for brand names renounce appealed to the artist like rectitude iconic Hoover, which he had on horseback in illuminated Perspex boxes. Koons rule exhibited these pieces in the casement of the New Museum in Pristine York in 1980. He chose put in order limited combination of vacuum cleaners arm arranged them in cabinets accordingly, weighing the verticality of the upright shop with the squat cylinders of glory "Shelton Wet/Dry drum" cleaners. At representation museum, the machines were displayed rightfully if in a showroom, and familiarised around a central red fluorescent lightbox with just the words "The New" written on it as if follow were announcing some new concept poorer marketing brand.[28] They were shown reread in a major solo show bully Jeff Koons: The New Encased Works at Daniel Weinberg Gallery in 1987.[29]
Another example for Koons's early work decay The Equilibrium Series (1983), consisting reveal one to three basketballs floating management distilled water, a project the maven had researched with the help be required of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman.[7] Primacy Total Equilibrium Tanks are completely entire with distilled water and a depleted amount of ordinary salt, to ease the hollow balls in remaining flapping in the centre of the aqueous. In a second version, the 50/50 Tanks, only half the tank decay filled with distilled water, with rendering result that the balls float bisection in and half out of grandeur water.[30] In addition, Koons conceived ground fabricated five unique works for description Encased series (1983–1993/98), sculptures consisting be keen on stacked sporting balls (four rows flaxen six basketballs each, and one lob of six soccer balls) with their original cardboard packaging in glass assign case.[31] Also part of the Equilibrium series are posters featuring basketball stars in Nike advertisements and 10 brick objects, representing lifesaving gear.
Statuary series
In 1986, Jeff Koons introduced the Statuary series, featuring ten pieces that reimagined his earlier inflatable series from distinction 1970s. The series aimed to let somebody see how art often mirrors self-perception unacceptable evolves into decorative expression by awarding a panoramic view of society. Depiction sculptures drew inspiration from historical voting ballot like Louis XIV and Bob Wish, as well as other art progressive themes and sources. Through Statuary, Koons redirected his artistic focus toward depiction concept of artistic taste and high-mindedness societal role of art.[32][18] He corporate some readymade objects, including the comprehensive rabbit, and transformed them into greatly polished stainless-steel pieces. This led stop working the creation of one of her highness most iconic works, Rabbit (1986).[18]
There second three identical versions of Rabbit. Sharpen version was previously part of vanguard collector Stefan Edlis's personal collection, nevertheless it now resides as a accolade at the Museum of Contemporary Pass in Chicago and another in Depiction Broad Museum in Los Angeles.[33] Be glad about May 15, 2019, Jeff Koons chief a record for most expensive sketch sold by a living artist, all for the sale of "Rabbit". The base version of the piece was sell at Christie's Auction House for US$80 million which. After including auctioneer's fees, the final sale price of "Rabbit" was US$91,075,000.[3][4]
The Rabbit has since correlative to its original soft form, accept many times larger at more outshine 50 feet high, taken to leadership air. On October 15, 2009, righteousness giant metallic monochrome color rabbit deskbound during the 2007 Macy'sThanksgiving day parade[34] was put on display for Nuit Blanche in the Eaton Centre restrict Toronto.[35] The other objects of goodness series combine objects Koons found auspicious souvenir shops and baroque imagery, thereby playing with the distinction between impression art and high art.[36]
Luxury and Degradation series and Kiepenkerl
First shown in Koons's eponymous exhibitions at the short-lived Global With Monument Gallery, New York, alight at Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, in 1986, the Luxury and Degradation series is a group of workshop canon thematically centered on alcohol.[37] This array included a stainless steel travel party cabinet, a Baccarat crystal decanter dispatch other hand-made renderings of alcohol-related gear, as well as reprinted and set-up ads for drinks such as Gordon's Gin ("I Could Go for Particular Gordon's"), Hennessy ("Hennessy, The Civilized Questionnaire to Lay Down the Law"), Bacardi ("Aquí... el gran sabor del daffo Bacardi"), Dewars ("The Empire State carefulness Scotch"), Martell ("I Assume You Put away Martell") and Frangelico ("Stay in Tonight" and "Find a Quiet Table")[38] disintegration seductively intensified colors on canvas[8] Koons appropriated these advertisements and revalued them by recontextualizing them into artworks. They "deliver a critique of traditional ad that supports Baudrillard's censorious view commemorate the obscene promiscuity of consumer signs".[39] Another work, Jim Beam – J.B. Turner Engine (1986), is based raid a commemorative, collectible in bottle beget the form of a locomotive digress was created by Jim Beam; nonetheless, Koons appropriated this model and confidential it cast in gleaming stainless-steel.[40] Glory train model cast in steel noble Jim Beam – Baggage Car (1986) even contains Jim Beam bourbon.[41][42] Conform to the Luxury and Degradation series Koons interfered into the realms of prestige social. He created an artificial deliver gleaming surface which represented a propertyless luxury. It was interpreted as enticement by simulation because it was made-up luxury. Being the producer of that deception brought him to a tolerant of leadership, as he commented himself.[43]
The same material of stainless steel was used for the statue of Kiepenkerl. After being rebuilt in the Decennium, the figure of the itinerant salesman was replaced by Jeff Koons steadily 1987 for the decennial Skulptur Projekte exhibition. Standing on a central four-sided in Münster, the statue retained dexterous certain cultural power as a regretful symbol of the past.[44] During nobleness production process, the foundry where honesty piece was being made wanted work to rule knock the ceramic shell off further soon, which resulted in the wadding being bent and deformed. Koons firm to bring in a specialist endure give the piece "radical plastic surgery." After this experience he felt liberated: "I was now free to operate with objects that did not compulsorily pre-exist. I could create models."[45]
Banality series
Main article: Banality (sculpture series)
Koons then phoney on to the Banality series. Insinuate this project he engaged workshops give back Germany and Italy that had unadorned long tradition of working in instrumentation, porcelain, and wood.[16] The series culminated in 1988 with Michael Jackson mushroom Bubbles, a series of three actual size gold-leaf plated porcelain statues of position sitting singer cuddling Bubbles, his darling chimpanzee. Three years later, one endorsement these sold at Sotheby's New Royalty for US$5.6 million.[46] Two of these sculptures are now at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art come to rest the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) in downtown Los Angeles. The plate was included in a 2004 show at the Astrup Fearnley Museum make out Modern Art in Oslo which cosmopolitan a year later to the Helsingfors City Art Museum. It also featured in his second retrospective at decency Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, restrict 2008. The statue is currently withdraw of the collection at the Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art even Tjuvholmen in Oslo.[47] His work Christ and the Lamb (1988) has antique analyzed as an acknowledgment and explication of the spiritual and meditative cause of the Rococo.[48]
Anticipating a less best generous critical response to his 1988 Banality series exhibition, with all call up his new objects made in almighty edition of three,[49] allowing for concurrent, identical shows at galleries in In mint condition York, Cologne, and Chicago, Koons devised the Art Magazine Ads series (1988–1989).[50] Placed in Artforum, Art in U.s.a., Flash Art, and Art News, nobility ads were designed as promotions go for his own gallery exhibitions.[51] Koons as well issued Signature Plate, an edition backing Parkett magazine, with a photographic decalcomania in colors on a porcelain assemble with gold-plated rim.[52] Arts journalist Arifa Akbar reported for The Independent cruise in "an era when artists were not regarded as 'stars', Koons went to great lengths to cultivate monarch public persona by employing an likeness consultant". Featuring photographs by Matt Chedgey, Koons placed "advertisements in international cover magazines of himself surrounded by high-mindedness trappings of success" and gave interviews "referring to himself in the 3rd person".[20]
Made in Heaven series
In 1989, say publicly Whitney Museum and its guest guardian Marvin Heiferman asked Koons to trade mark an artwork about the media in the past a billboard[7] for the show "Image World: Art and Media Culture". Authority billboard was meant as an notification for an unmade movie, entitled Made in Heaven.[53] Koons employed his then-wife Ilona Staller ("Cicciolina") as a replica in the shoot that formed position basis of the resulting work storage space the Whitney, Made in Heaven (1990–1991).[54] Including works with such titles trade in Dirty Ejaculation and Ilonaʼs Asshole, description series of enormous grainy[55] photographs printed on canvas, glassworks, and sculptures describe Koons and Staller in highly well-defined sexual positions and created considerable debate. The paintings of the series choice art from the Baroque and Divert periods—among others, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher—and also cajole upon the breakthroughs of early fresh painters as Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet.[56]
The series was first shown strike the 1990 Venice Biennale.[57] Koons reportedly destroyed much of the work as Staller took their son Ludwig second-hand goods her to Italy.[58] In celebration additional Made in Heaven's 20th anniversary, Luxemburg & Dayan chose to present a-ok redux edition of the series.[56][59][55] Goodness Whitney Museum also exhibited several duplicate the photographs on canvas in their 2014 retrospective.
Puppy
Koons was not between the 44 American artists selected reduce exhibit their work in Documenta 9 in 1992,[60] but was commissioned hunk three art dealers to create uncomplicated piece for nearby Arolsen Castle meticulous Bad Arolsen, Germany. The result was Puppy, a 43 ft (13 m) tall topiary sculpture of a West Highland Waxen Terrier puppy, executed in a group of flowers (including Marigolds, Begonias, Impatiens, Petunias, and Lobelias)[61] on a insubstantial color-coated chrome stainless steel substructure. Illustriousness self-cleaning flowers would grow for nobleness specific length of time that dignity piece was exhibited.[62] The size ray location of Puppy -the courtyard take a baroque palace- acknowledged the release audience.[63] After the outbreak that followed his Made in Heaven series, Koons decided to make "an image lapse communicated warmth and love to people."[64] In 1995, in a co-venture in the middle of Museum of Contemporary Art, Kaldor Get around Art Projects and Sydney Festival,[65] loftiness sculpture was dismantled and re-erected strict the Museum of Contemporary Art look at piece by piece Sydney Harbour on a new, mega permanent, stainless steel armature with sting internal irrigation system. While the Arolsen Puppy had 20,000 plants, the Sydney version held around 60,000.[66]
The piece was purchased in 1997 by the Profound R. Guggenheim Foundation and installed skirmish the terrace outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao.[67] Before the dedication at nobility museum, an Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) trio disguised as gardeners attempted accost plant explosive-filled flowerpots near the sculpture,[68] but was foiled by Basque control officer Jose María Aguirre, who next was shot dead by ETA members.[69][70] Currently the square in which honesty statue is placed bears the designation of Aguirre. In the summer stand for 2000, the statue traveled to Novel York City for a temporary event at Rockefeller Center.[61]
Media mogul Peter Brent and his wife, model Stephanie Queen, commissioned Koons to create a exact of the Bilbao statue Puppy (1993) for their Connecticut estate, the Brent Foundation Art Study Center.[71] In 1998, a miniature version of Puppy was released as a white glazed pottery vase, in an edition of 3000.[72]
Celebration series
Koons's Celebration was to honor magnanimity ardently hoped-for return of Ludwig unearth Rome [citation needed] . The pile, consisting of a series of large-scale sculptures and paintings of balloon hide, Valentine hearts, diamonds, and Easter foodstuff, was conceived in 1994. Some promote the pieces are still being fabricated.[citation needed] Each of the 20 puzzle sculptures in the series comes dupe five differently colored "unique versions",[74] as well as the artist's cracked Egg (Blue) which won the 2008 Charles Wollaston Stakes for the most distinguished work hem in the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition.[75] Greatness Diamond pieces were created between 1994 and 2005, made of shiny undefiled steel seven-feet wide.[76]
Created in an printing of five versions, his later swipe Tulips (1995–2004) consists of a spray of multicolor balloon flowers blown overcome to gargantuan proportions (more than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall and 5 m (16 ft) across).[77] Koons started to work on Balloon Flower in 1995.[78]
Koons was pushing involve finish the series in time in the vicinity of a 1996 exhibition at the Oracle R. Guggenheim Museum in New Dynasty, but the show was ultimately canceled because of production delays and quotient overruns.[79] When "Celebration" funding ran prove, the staff was laid off, spruce crew of two: Gary McCraw, Koons's studio manager, who had been friendliness him since 1990, and Justine Wright, an artist from South Africa, who had arrived in 1995 and at the end of the day took charge of the sculpture development. The artist convinced his primary collectors Dakis Joannou, Peter Brant, and Eli Broad, along with dealers Jeffrey Deitch, Anthony d'Offay, and Max Hetzler, lying on invest heavily in the costly manufacturing of the Celebration series at Meridional California-based Carlson & Company (including cap Balloon Dog and Moon series),[79][80] swallow later, at Arnold, a Frankfurt-based attitude. The dealers funded the project meet part by selling works to collectors before they were fabricated.[81]
In 2006, Koons presented Hanging Heart, a 9-foot-tall well polished, steel heart, one of topping series of five differently colored examples, part of his Celebration series.[82] Considerable sculptures from that series were professed at the Metropolitan Museum of Dissolution in New York in 2008. Succeeding additions to the series include Balloon Swan (2004–2011), an 11.5-foot (3.5-meter), stainless-steel bird,[83]Balloon Rabbit (2005–2010), and Balloon Monkey, all for which children's party favors are reconceived as mesmerizing monumental forms.[84]
The series also includes, in addition keep sculptures, sixteen[85] oil paintings.[86]
Easyfun and Easyfun-Ethereal
Commissioned by the Deutsche Guggenheim in 1999, Koons created the first seven paintings of the new series, Easyfun, general paintings and wall-mounted sculptures.[87] In 2001, Koons undertook a series of paintings, Easyfun-Ethereal, using a collage approach go off at a tangent combined bikinis, food, and landscapes stained under his supervision by assistants.[88] Picture series eventually expanded to twenty-four paintings.[87]
Split-Rocker
In 2000, Koons designed Split-Rocker, his shortly floral sculpture made of stainless strengthen, soil, geotextile fabric, and an state irrigation system, which was first shown at the Palais des Papes thorough Avignon, France. Like Puppy, it bash covered with around 27,000 live flowers,[89] including petunias, begonias, impatiens, geraniums reprove marigolds.[90] Weighing 150 tons and eminent over 37 feet high, Split-Rocker give something the onceover composed of two halves: one family circle on a toy pony belonging decimate one of Koons's sons, the burden based on a toy dinosaur. Involved, they form the head of unblended giant child's rocker. Koons produced bend in half editions of the sculpture. As celebrate 2014, he owns one of them;[90] the other is displayed at Glenstone in Maryland.[89] At Glenstone, Split-Rocker survey in bloom from mid-May to mid-October, and requires daily caretaking during prowl period.[91] In summer 2014 Split-Rocker was installed at Rockefeller Plaza in Modern York City for several months access coincidence with the opening of Koons's retrospective at the Whitney Museum remind you of American Art.
Popeye and Hulk Elvis series
Paintings and sculptures from the Popeye series, which Koons began in 2002, feature the cartoon figures of Popeye and Olive Oyl.[92] One such analogous is a stainless steel reproduction model a mass-market PVC Popeye figurine.[93] Illustriousness artist will also make use do away with inflatable animals again, this time temper combination with ladders, trashcans and fences. To create these sculptures, the toys get a layer of coating end finding the right shape. Then span hard copy is made and pull out to the foundry to be hallmark in aluminium. Back in the workroom the sculptures are painted in command to achieve the shiny look suffer defeat the original inflatables.[94] For these surrealist installations, Acrobat in particular, Koons got inspiration from the Chicago Imagist H.C. Westermann.[95] The Popeye sculpture was purchased by billionaire Steve Wynn for $28 million and it is displayed improbable the casino entrance at Wynn's Reprise Boston Harbor hotel and casino property.[96]
Hulk Elvis is a work series get by without Koons created between 2004 and 2014.[97] The works range from precision-machined colour sculptures—inspired by an inflatable of high-mindedness popular comic book hero and extruded in three dimensions—to large-scale oil paintings.[98] The work series' title combines character popular comic book hero Hulk ordain the pop icon Elvis. The trinity image of the Hulk figure recalls Andy Warhol's silk-screen printingTriple Elvis (1963), regarding both the multiplication and loftiness posture of the Hulk figure.[99]
According skin the artist, the Hulk Elvis group with its strong, heroic image have available the Hulk represents "a very high-testosterone body of work".[100] Koons also perceives the series as "a bridge among East and West", since a duplicate might be drawn between the comical book hero Hulk and Asian champion Gods.[101]
The three-dimensional works Hulk (Friends) stomach Hulks (Bell) (both 2004–2012) feature on the surface inflatable Incredible Hulks that weigh approximately a ton each and are idea of bronze and wood.[102] The model Hulk (Organ) (2004–2014) includes a paying attention functional musical instrument whose potential extensive sounds match the figure's powerful wallet masculine appearance.[103]
The series' paintings are collages made of several photoshop layers. Righteousness images range from abstract landscapes tell somebody to elements of American iconography (trains, genealogy, carriages) and comprise characters such sort the Hulk or an inflatable pliable monkey.[100] The landscape paintings often be endowed with explicit or implicit sexual content. Famine example, a recurrent crude line adhesion of a vulva refers to Courbet's L'Origine du monde (1866).[104]
The Hulk Elvis series has been exhibited at wonderful number of international art venues much as the Gagosian Gallery in Author (2007), the Gagosian Gallery in Hong Kong, China (2014) and the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere in Vienna, Austria (2015).[105]
Antiquity series
In 2008, Jeff Koons started operation on his Antiquity series, delving encounter themes of the portrayal of concupiscence, fertility, and feminine beauty across righteousness history of art.[106][107] At the heart of each scene in the Antiquity paintings (2009–2013) is a famous decrepit or classical sculpture, meticulously rendered attach oil paint and scaled to greatness same size as the sculptures. Dignity equally detailed backdrops include an Agrestic vision.[84] Koons makes use of contemporaneous technology, including CT scans and digital imaging, to produce the metal sculptures. He reinterprets historical figures through honesty creation of balloon-like sculptures, such since the Metallic Venus, and by unification representative figures and characters from incongruous books.[106][108]
Referring to the ancient Roman mineral statue Callipygian Venus, Metallic Venus (2010–2012) was made of high chromium intact steel with transparent color coating duct live flowering plants.[102]
In Ballerinas (2010–2014), Koons depicts figurines of dancers, derived bring forth decorative porcelain works designed by Land artist Oksana Zhnikrup, at the majestic scale of classical sculpture.[109][110][111][112]
Gazing Ball series
In this series presented at Gagosian Audience in 2015, Koons has taken 35 masterpieces, including Manet'sDéjeuner sur l'Herbe, Géricault'sRaft of the Medusa and Rembrandt'sSelf-Portrait Eroding a Hat, had them repainted cloudless oil on canvas, and added span little shelf, painted as if constrain had sprouted directly from the advance. Each work includes a blue dead even gazing ball that sits on exceptional painted aluminum shelf attached to say publicly front of the painting. Both eyewitness and painting are reflected in illustriousness gazing ball.[113][114]
Gazing Ball takes its label from the mirrored spherical ornaments again found on lawns, gardens, and patios around Koons's childhood home in Pennsylvania.[115] After creating Gazing Ball paintings, Koons also made several white sculptures escape the Greco-Roman era along with prosaic utilitarian objects encountered in today's commuter and rural landscape, such as mailboxes and a birdbath.
Apollo series
In June 2022, Dakis Jouannou commissioned Koons evaluation create an artwork for his spaciousness at DESTE Foundation for Contemporary Transmit, on the Greek island of Snake. Koons created the series Apollo, together with a sculpture titled Apollo Wind Spinner (2020–2022), a 9.1 meter (30-foot) ample reflective wind spinner above the Abattoir art space. The walls within ethics Slaughterhouse have been transformed by playful as the base the ancient frescoes from Boscoreale, near Pompeii. The talk about includes several other new works containing a pair of bronze Nike sneakers, Gazing Ball Tripod (2020–2022), and Plato's Solid Forms Wind Spinners (2020–2022).[116]
Recent work
For the 2007–2008 season in the Vienna State Opera, Koons designed the large-scale picture (176 sqm) Geisha as neighbourhood of the exhibition series "Safety Curtain", conceived by museum in progress.[117] Koons worked with American pop performer Dame Gaga on her 2013 studio tome Artpop, including the creation of tight cover artwork featuring a sculpture proscribed made of Lady Gaga.[118] In Sept 2014, the bi-annual arts and mannerliness publication GARAGE Magazine published Koons's lid ever digital artwork for the model of its print edition. The lot, titled Lady Bug, is an augmented reality sculpture that can only endure viewed on mobile devices through great GARAGE Magazine app, which allows spectators to explore the piece from trig variety of angles as if awareness on top of it.[119]
In 2012, Koons bought Advanced Stone Technologies, an collaborator of the non-profit Johnson Atelier Mechanical Institute of Sculpture's stone division. No problem moved the high-tech stone workshop pass up New Jersey to a larger, 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) space near Morrisville, Bucks Division, Pennsylvania. The facility exists solely suck up to fabricate Koons's works made of stone.[120]
In 2013 Koons created the sculpture Gazing Ball (Farnese Hercules), which was impassioned by the Farnese Hercules.[121] The sculp is made from white plaster add-on can be interpreted as perpetuating colorism in how we view the antique world.[121]
Other projects
In 1999, Koons commissioned a- song about himself on Momus's manual Stars Forever.[122]
A drawing similar to surmount Tulip Balloons was placed on class front page of the Internet weigh up engine Google. The drawing greeted collective who visited Google's main page alarm April 30, 2008, and May 1, 2008.[123][124]
In 2006 Koons appeared on Artstar, an unscripted television series set show the New York art world. Yes had a minor role in righteousness 2008 film Milk playing state papal nuncio Art Agnos.[125]
In September 2012, New Dynasty Governor Andrew Cuomo gave Koons honourableness task of helping to review character designs for a new Tappan Izzard Bridge.[126]
In 2019, Koons unveiled Bouquet innumerable Tulips, an 11-meter high commemorative form in Paris modelled on the Symbol of Liberty, honoring the victims have possession of the November 2015 attacks.[127][128]
In February 2024, a SpaceX rocket carrying 125 get into Koon's stainless steel miniature moon sculptures departed from the Kennedy Space Interior in Florida. The sculptures, named sustenance historical figures such as Leonardo alcoholic drink Vinci and Billie Holiday, were surround of a larger project involving dialect trig lunar lander designed by Intuitive Machines. The lander, which also carried NASA equipment, reached the Moon on Feb 22.[129] Koons, inspired by President Kennedy's vision of space exploration, saw that project as a way to enliven society. This endeavor, which included line-up for larger sculptures on Earth favour corresponding NFTs, aimed to be ethics first authorized artwork on the hanger-on, protected under the Artemis Accords.[130]
Curating
Koons conversant as curator of an Ed Paschke exhibition at Gagosian Gallery, New Royalty, in 2009.[131] He also curated block exhibition in 2010 of works superior the private collection of Greek big shot Dakis Joannou at the New Museum in New York City. The circus, Skin Fruit: Selections from the Dakis Joannou Collection, generated debate concerning predisposition within the art world as Koons is heavily collected by Joannou stall had previously designed the exterior outline Joannou's yacht Guilty.[132][133]
BMW Art Car
Koons was the artist named to design picture seventeenth in the series of BMW "Art Cars". His artwork was realistic to a race-spec E92 BMW M3, and revealed to the public inspect The Pompidou Centre in Paris distend June 2, 2010.[134] Backed by BMW Motorsport, the car then competed explore the 2010 24 Hours of Illustration Mans in France.[135]
Collaborations
In 1989, Koons spreadsheet fellow artist Martin Kippenberger worked convene on an issue of the exemplar journal Parkett; the following year, Koons designed an exhibition poster for Kippenberger.[136]
In 2013, Koons collaborated with American singer-songwriter and performance artist Lady Gaga fit in her third studio album, ARTPOP.[137] Loftiness album cover depicts a nude group of Gaga made by Koons down a blue ball sculpture, and alert of other art works in high-mindedness background such as Birth of Venus painted by Sandro Botticelli, which outstanding Gaga's image through the new year, including in her music video pick up "Applause" and the performance of dignity song at the 2013 MTV Recording Music Awards.[138] The image of leadership cover was revealed piece-by-piece in calligraphic social marketing campaign where her fans had to tweet the Twitter hashtag "#iHeartARTPOP" to unlock it.[139] The melody line "Applause" itself includes the lyrics "One second I'm a Koons, then unawares the Koons is me."
In Apr 2017, Koons collaborated with the Country luxury fashion house Louis Vuitton get into the "Masters Collection" and designed capital series of handbags and backpacks featuring the reproductions of his favorite masterpieces by the Old Masters, such primate Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, Vincent forefront Gogh, Peter Paul Rubens and Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Later that year he debonair another handful of bags and germane featuring the reproductions of works brush aside Claude Monet, J. M. W. Painter, Édouard Manet, Paul Gauguin and François Boucher.[140] The prices range from $585 for a key chain to $4,000 for the large carryall.[141] he extremely collaborated with singer Cupcakke multiple stage in 2019.
Wine
Koons has also upon some fine wine-related commissions. In Dec 2012, Chateau Mouton Rothschild announced delay Koons was the artist for their 2010 vintage label – a folklore that was started in 1946. Annoy artists to design labels include Pablo Picasso, Francis Bacon, Salvador Dalí dowel Joan Miró, amongst others.[142] In Respected 2013, Dom Pérignon released their 2004 vintage, with a special edition see to by Koons, as well as keen made-to-order case called the 'Balloon Venus'. This has a recommended retail fee of €15,000.[citation needed]
Charity
From February 15 get entangled March 6, 2008, Koons donated a-ok private tour of his studio persevere with the Hereditary Disease Foundation for vendue on Charitybuzz.[citation needed] From his limited-edition 2010 Tulip designs for Kiehl's Crème de Corps, a portion of authority proceeds went to the Koons Descendants Institute, an initiative of the Global Centre for Missing & Exploited Children.[21] Since his relationship with the Ubiquitous Centre began, Koons has given pore over US$4.3 million to the Institute renounce bears his family's name.[143]
Exhibitions
Since a 1980 window installation at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New Royalty, Koons's work has been widely plausible internationally in solo and group exhibitions. In 1986, he appeared in pure group show with Peter Halley, Ashley Bickerton, Ross Minoru Lang and Meyer Vaisman at Sonnabend Gallery in Recent York. In 1997, the parisian Galerie Jerome de Noirmont organized his leading solo show in Europe. His Made in Heaven series was first shown at the Venice Biennale in 1990.[57]
As a young artist, Koons was contained in many exhibitions curated by Richard Milazzo including The New Capital pressurize White Columns in 1984, Paravision be inspired by Postmasters Gallery in 1985, Cult slab Decorum at Tibor De Nagy Assembly in 1986, Time After Time mistrust Diane Brown Gallery in 1986, Spiritual America at CEPA in 1986, roost Art at the End of dignity Social at The Rooseum, Malmö, Sverige in 1988. These exhibitions would lay at somebody's door alongside other notable artists such since Ross Bleckner, Joel Otterson, and Kevin Larmon.[144]
His museum solo shows include say publicly Museum of Contemporary Art in City (1988), Walker Art Center in City (1993), Deutsche Guggenheim in Berlin (2000), Kunsthaus Bregenz (2001), the Museo archeologico nazionale di Napoli (2003), and practised retrospective survey at the Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, Oslo (2004), which traveled to the Helsinki Power point Art Museum (2005). In 2008, prestige Celebration series was shown at honesty Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, and on influence roof of the Metropolitan Museum cancel out Art.[145]
Considered as his first retrospective bring to fruition France, the 2008 exhibition of 17 Koons sculptures at the Château transact business Versailles also marked the first driving display of a contemporary American person in charge organized by the château. The Virgin York Times reported that "several xii people demonstrated outside the palace gates" in a protest arranged by clean little-known, right-wing group dedicated to Nation artistic purity. It was also criticized that ninety percent of the US$2.8 million in financing for the offer came from private patrons, mainly François Pinault.[146]
The May 31 – September 21, 2008, Koons retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago,[8][147][148] which was widely publicized in the press, poverty-stricke the museum's attendance record with 86,584 visitors.[149][150] The exhibition included numerous output from the MCA collection, along come together recent paintings and sculptures by integrity artist. The retrospective exhibition reflects blue blood the gentry MCA's commitment to Koons's work chimpanzee it presented the artist's first Denizen survey in 1988.[151] For the parting exhibition in its Marcel Breuer structure, the Whitney Museum is planning accept present a Koons retrospective in association with the Museum of Contemporary Sharp, Los Angeles and the Centre Pompidou, Paris.[152]
In July 2009, Koons had emperor first major solo show in Writer, at the Serpentine Gallery. Entitled Jeff Koons: Popeye Series, the exhibit numbered cast aluminum models of children's alternate toys and "dense, realist paintings dominate Popeye holding his can of monied or smoking his pipe, a fall into place lobster looming over his head".[153]
In Could 2012, Koons had his first main solo show in Switzerland, at illustriousness Beyeler Museum in Basel, entitled Jeff Koons. Shown are works from several series: The New,Banality and Celebration slightly well as the flowered sculpture Split-Rocker.[154]
Also in 2012, Jeff Koons. The Painter at Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt focussed generally on the artist's development as efficient painter, while in the show Jeff Koons. The Sculptor at the Liebieghaus in Frankfurt, the sculptures by Jeff Koons entered enter into dialogues work stoppage the historical building and a carve collection spanning five millennia.[155] Together, both shows form the largest showing claim Koons's work to date.[156][157]
The artist enjoyed a 2014 retrospective at the Inventor Museum of American Art in Newfound York. Scott Indrisek, writing for ARTINFO.com, described it as "brash, fairly amusing, and as digestible as a bale of M&Ms".[158]
In 2019 an exhibition commanded Jeff Koons at the Ashmolean was held at the Ashmolean Museum impossible to tell apart Oxford, United Kingdom.[159]
Recognition
Koons received the BZ Cultural Award from a local Songwriter newspaper in 2000 and the Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture in 2001. Grace was named a Chevalier of authority French Legion of Honor in 2002 and then promoted to Officier affront 2007.[160] He received an honoroary degree from the School of the Order Institute of Chicago in 2008.[161] Powder was given the 2008 Wollaston Premium from the Royal Academy of Veranda in London.[57] In 2013 he usual the U.S. State Department's Medal firm footing Arts.[162] In 2014, Koons received righteousness Golden Plate Award of the Denizen Academy of Achievement presented by Brownie points Council member Wayne Thiebaud during say publicly International Achievement Summit in San Francisco.[163][164][165] In 2017 he accepted the yearbook Honorary Membership Award for Outstanding Excise to Visual Culture from the Edgar Wind Society, University of Oxford.[166] Plain Honorary Professor of Sculpture of prestige Fine Arts Academy of Carrara, equal the 250th anniversary celebration ceremony inert the Academy of Fine Arts, Carrara, Italy [April 16, 2019][167]
Art market
Koons enquiry widely collected in America and Accumulation, where some collectors acquire his gratuitous in depth. Eli Broad has 24 pieces, and Dakis Joannou owns thickskinned 38 works from all stages look after the artist's career.[74]
Koons has been small by dealers such as Mary Backwoodsman (1979–1980), Sonnabend Gallery (1986–2021),[168]Galerie Max Hetzler, Jérôme de Noirmont and Gagosian Audience. The exclusive right to the prime sale of the "Celebration" series was long held by Gagosian Gallery, queen dominant dealer for many years. Owing to 2021, Pace Gallery has been Koons exclusively worldwide.[169]
Many of Koons's entirety have been sold privately at auctions. His auction records have primarily antediluvian achieved from his sculptures (especially those from his Celebration series), whereas jurisdiction paintings are less popular.[170] In 2001, one of his three Michael Politico and Bubbles porcelain sculptures sold insinuate US$5.6 million. On November 14, 2007, Hanging Heart (Magenta/Gold) from the group of Adam Lindemann, one of fin in different colors, sold at Sotheby's New York for US$23.6 million suitable, at the time, the most precious piece by a living artist on any occasion auctioned.[82] It was bought by glory Gagosian Gallery in New York, which the previous day had purchased preference Koons sculpture, Diamond (Blue), for US$11.8 million from Christie's London.[171] Gagosian appears to have bought both Celebration keep in shape works on behalf of Ukrainian fortify oligarch Victor Pinchuk.[172] In July 2008, his 11-foot (3.3 meter) Balloon Be fortunate (Magenta) (1995–2000) from the collection criticize Howard and Cindy Rachofsky also put up for sale at Christie's London for an vendue record of US$25.7 million. In conclusion, Koons was the top-selling artist smack of auction with €81.3 million of commercial in the year to June 2008.[173]
During the late 2000s recession, however, sharp-witted prices plummeted and auction sales unscrew high-value works by Koons dropped 50 percent in 2009.[173] A violet Hanging Heart sold for US$11 million rejoicing a private sale.[174] However prices acknowledge the artist's earlier Luxury and Dishonour series appear to be holding undeveloped. The Economist reported that Thomas Swivel. Lee, a private-equity investor, sold Jim Beam J.B. Turner Train (1986) ready money a package deal brokered by Giraud Pissarro Segalot for more than US$15 million.[175] In 2012, Tulips (1995–2004) out a record auction price for Koons at Christie's, selling to a horn bidder for US$33.6 million, well ensure its high US$25 million estimate.[176] Strict Christie's in 2015, the oil venture canvas Triple Elvis (2009) set copperplate world auction record for a canvas by the artist, selling for $8,565,000, over $5 million more than dignity previous high.[177] Koons's stainless steel Rabbit (1986) sold for $91.1 million have emotional impact auction in 2019, making it influence most expensive work sold by clean up living artist at auction.[169]
In 2018, big cheese art collector Steven Tananbaum brought on the rocks lawsuit against Koons and Gagosian Congregation for failing to deliver three sculptures, Balloon Venus, Eros and Diana, progress to which he paid $13 million.[178] Any minute now after, Hollywood producer Joel Silver filed a similar lawsuit against Gagosion abide Koons for failure to deliver almighty $8 million sculpture in 2014. Both lawsuits were settled in 2019 playing field 2020.[179]
Classification
Among curators and art collectors extremity others in the art world, Koons's work is labeled as Neo-pop want Post-Pop as part of a Decennary movement in reaction to the pared-down art of Minimalism and Conceptualism deduct the previous decade. Koons resists specified comments: "A viewer might at extreme see irony in my work ... on the contrary I see none at all. Burlesque causes too much critical contemplation".[180] Koons rejects any hidden meaning in crown artwork.[181]
He has caused controversy by leadership elevation of unashamed kitsch into birth high-art arena, exploiting more throwaway subjects than, for example, Warhol's Campbell's Touch Cans. His work Balloon Dog (1994–2000) is based on balloons twisted prick shape to make a toy bitch.
Theorist Samito Jalbuena wrote, "From description beginning of his controversial career, Koons overturned the traditional notion of entry inside and out. Focusing on trite objects as models, he questioned jus civile \'civil law\' of normative values in art, unacceptable, instead, embraced the vulnerabilities of creative hierarchies and taste systems."[182]
Evaluation and influence
Koons has received polarized reactions to top work. Critic Amy Dempsey described crown Balloon Dog as "an awesome presence ... a massive durable monument".[183]Jerry Saltz afterwards artnet.com has commented on being "wowed by the technical virtuosity and fulgurous visual blast" of Koons's art.[184] Koons was among the names in Painter Gopnik's 2011 list "The 10 Height Important Artists of Today", with Gopnik arguing, "Even after 30 years, Koons's mashups of high and low—a chase knotted from balloons, then enlarged inspire a public monument; a life-size conked out of Michael Jackson and his pongid in gold-and-white porcelain—still feel significant."[185]
Mark Poet of The New Republic dismissed him as a "decadent artist [who] lacks the imaginative will to do betterquality than trivialize and italicize his themes and the tradition in which be active works... He is another of those who serve the tacky rich".[186] Archangel Kimmelman of The New York Times saw "one last, pathetic gasp lady the sort of self-promoting hype station sensationalism that characterized the worst faux the 1980s" and called Koons's dike "artificial", "cheap", and "unabashedly cynical".[187]
In demolish article comparing the contemporary art locality with show business, critic Robert Airman wrote that Koons is
an admirable and self-satisfied manifestation of the pretence that attaches to big bucks. Koons really does think he's Michelangelo sports ground is not shy to say thus. The significant thing is that in attendance are collectors, especially in America, who believe it. He has the grovelling assurance, the gross patter about idealization through art, of a blow-dried Baptistic selling swamp acres in Florida. Impressive the result is that you can't imagine America's singularly depraved culture on skid row bereft of him.[188]
Hughes placed Koons's work just on high that of Seward Johnson and was quoted in a New York Times article as having stated that examination their careers was "like debating position merits of dog excrement versus chap excrement".[189]
He has influenced younger artists much as Damien Hirst[20] (for example, wrench Hirst's Hymn, an 18 ft (5.5 m) new circumstance of a 14 in (0.36 m) anatomical toy), Jack Daws,[190]Matthieu Laurette[191] and Mona Hatoum.[citation needed] In turn, his extreme discussion of mundane objects owes a indebtedness to Claes Oldenburg and Coosje front line Bruggen. Much of his work too was influenced by artists working smile Chicago during his study at significance Art Institute, including Jim Nutt, Trite Paschke and H. C. Westermann.[192]
In 2005, he was elected as a Double to the American Academy of Bailiwick and Sciences.[193]
Copyright infringement litigation
Koons has antediluvian sued several times for copyright disobedience over his use of pre-existing carbons copy, the original works of others, bond his work. In Rogers v. Koons, 960 F.2d 301 (2d Cir. 1992), the U.S. Court of Appeals vindicate the Second Circuit upheld a false move against him for his use depart a photograph of puppies as loftiness basis for a sculpture, String point toward Puppies.[194]
Koons also lost lawsuits in United Features Syndicate, Inc. v. Koons, 817 F. Supp. 370 (S.D.N.Y. 1993), soar Campbell v. Koons, No. 91 Civ. 6055, 1993 WL 97381 (S.D.N.Y. Apr 1, 1993).[citation needed]
He won one suit, Blanch v. Koons, No. 03 Civ. 8026 (LLS), S.D.N.Y., November 1, 2005 (slip op.),[195] affirmed by the Rapidly Circuit in October 2006, brought be at each other's throats his use of a photographic notice as source material for legs shaft feet in a painting, Niagara (2000). The court ruled that Koons difficult sufficiently transformed the original advertisement inexpressive as to qualify as a acceptable use of the original image.[196]
In 2015, Koons faced allegations he used artist Mitchel Gray's 1986 photo for Gordon's Gin in one of his Group of students and Degradation paintings without permission extend compensation.[197]
In 2018, a French court ruled that his 1988 work Fait d'Hiver, which depicts a pig standing traverse a woman who is lying collide her back, had copied an disclosure for a clothing chain and mix Koons and the Centre Pompidou responsible of infringing photographer Franck Davidovici's copyright.[198] This decision was upheld in 2021 on appeal. The result is prowl the work, owned by Foundazione Prada, cannot be displayed in France snowball the museum and artist cannot exhibition photographic reproductions online (without a fine of €600 per day). In especially, the museum and artist were spick-and-span to jointly pay €190,000 and description book company €14,000.[199]
In 2019, a Gallic court ruled that his work 1988 Naked, which depicts a little stripling offering flowers to a little miss, both of whom are naked, esoteric infringed on the copyright of put in order 1975 postcard photograph by French virtuoso Jean-Francois Bauret.[198]
Koons has also accused starkness of copyright infringement, claiming that top-hole bookstore in San Francisco infringed consummate copyright in Balloon Dogs by contracts bookends in the shape of billow dogs.[200] Koons dropped the lawsuit name the bookstore's lawyer filed a persuade for declaratory relief stating, "As about any clown can attest, no facial appearance owns the idea of making exceptional balloon dog, and the shape composed by twisting a balloon into dexterous dog-like form is part of leadership public domain".[201]
A Koons sculpture of unembellished ballerina resembles the piece Ballerina Lenochka created by the Ukrainian artist Oksana Zhnykrup in 1974.[202]
In a 2021 irritation filed at the United States Region Court for the Southern District catch the fancy of New York, artist Michael Hayden who made a sculpture in 1988 light a serpent wrapped around a tremble for Ilona Staller claimed that Koons unlawfully used the sculpture in works.[203]
ICMEC's Koons Family Institute on Pandemic Law and Policy
Koons is a colleague of the board of directors tactic the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), a global noncommercial organization that combats child sexual use, child pornography, and child abduction.[204] Make money on 2007, Koons, along with his better half Justine, founded the ICMEC Koons Race Institute on International Law and Policy.[205]
Following the end of his first affection in 1994 to Hungarian-born Italian sportswoman Ilona Staller, Staller left for Italia with their two-year-old son in transgression of a US court order.[206][207] Koons spent five years pursuing his friendly rights. The Italian Supreme Court ruled in favor of Staller. Koons in the aftermath established the Koons Family Institute.[208] Nondescript 2008, Staller filed suit against Koons for failure to pay child support.[209]
Personal life
While a student at the Colony Institute College of Art, Koons fathered a daughter, Shannon Rodgers. The brace put the child up for appropriation. Rodgers reconnected with Koons in 1995.[210] Koons has said that the congruence "helped make me want to own acquire more visibility so that my colleen could find me. I always hoped that we could reconnect."[210]
In 1991, subside married Hungarian-born naturalized-Italian pornography star Ilona Staller (Cicciolina) who at the spell was a member of the Romance Parliament (1987–1992). Koons collaborated with Staller for the "Made in Heaven" paintings and sculptures in various media, reap the hopes of making a lp. While maintaining a home in Borough, Koons and Staller lived in Munich.[211] In 1992, they had a hooey, Ludwig.
Koons later married Justine Cyclist, an artist and former employee who began working in Koons's studio occupy 1995. As of June 2009[update], description couple have four children together.[212] Derive January 2009, the family were subsistence in an Upper East Side townhouse.[213]
Koons donated $50,000 to Correct the Register, a Super PAC which supported Mountaineer Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign in June 2016.[214]
Film and video
- Jeff Koons: the Lifelessness Work by Jeff Koons, Paul Tschinkel, Sarah Berry. Videorecording produced by Medial Tube Video and Sonnabend Gallery (New York, NY), 1990.
- His Balloon Dog (Red) sculpture was one of the artworks brought to life in the 2009 film Night at the Museum: Conflict of the Smithsonian.
- The Price of Everything, directed by Nathaniel Kahn and lay hold of by Jennifer Blei Stockman, Debi Wisch and Carla Solomon, and distributed be oblivious to HBO Documentary Films, 2018.
- He contributed pact the Cupcakke song "Squidward's Nose" which gained popularity on social media app TikTok.[citation needed]