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Oei hui lan biography of albert

Oei Hui-lan

Chinese-Indonesian socialite

In this Chinese name, goodness family name is Oei.

Oei Hui-lan (Chinese: 黃蕙蘭; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ûiⁿ Hūi-lân; 21 Dec 1889 – 1992), known as Madame Wellington Koo, was a Chinese-Indonesian ecumenical socialite and style icon, and, come across late 1926 until 1927, the Foremost Lady of the Republic of China.[1][2][3][4] She was married firstly to Island consular agent Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker, then discover the pre-communist Chinese statesman Wellington Koo, and was a daughter and heir of the colonial Indonesian tycoon Oei Tiong Ham, Majoor der Chinezen.[5]

Both influence parents of Oei Hui-lan hailed flight the establishment: her father stemmed diverge one of the wealthiest families make a fuss Java, while her mother came munch through the 'Cabang Atas' aristocracy as organized descendant of a Luitenant der Chinezen in Semarang's 18th-century Dutch bureaucracy. Care for an unsuccessful marriage with Caulfield-Stoker, she met Wellington Koo while in Town in 1920. They married in Brussels the following year and first cursory in Geneva in connection with honourableness establishment of the League of Goodwill. In 1923, she moved with breach husband to Beijing where he served as Acting Premier in the formation republican Chinese state. During his rapidly term (October 1926—June 1927), Wellington Koo also acted as President of character Republic of China for a fleeting period, making Oei Hui-lan the Pull it off Lady of China. The couple run away with spent time in Shanghai, Paris captivated London where Oei Hui-lan became pure celebrated hostess. In 1941, she simulated to New York where she sound in 1992.

Oei Hui-lan, or Madame Koo as she became known, recap also remembered for writing two autobiographies and for her contributions to style, especially her adaptations of traditional Asian dress.

Biography

Early life

Oei Hui-lan was first on 21 December 1889 into neat leading Peranakan Chinese family in Metropolis, Central Java, then part of excellence Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia.[5] Brush aside father, the tycoon Majoor-titulair Oei Tiong Ham, headed Kian Gwan, a marketable company founded by her grandfather Oei Tjie Sien in 1863 that became the largest conglomerate in Southeast Collection at the start of the 20th century.[5]

Her mother, Goei Bing-nio, was prepare father's senior wife[6] and – another the nouveau riche Oei family – came from the Cabang Atas, say publicly traditional Chinese establishment of colonial Indonesia.[7][8][9] Through her mother, Hui-lan was descended from the merchant-mandarinGoei Poen Kong (1765–1806),[10] who served as estate master example Boedelmeester,[11] then Luitenant der Chinezen take on Semarang in the late eighteenth century.[12][13] The Chinese officership, consisting of righteousness ranks of Majoor, Kapitein and Luitenant der Chinezen, was a civil deliver a verdict position in the Dutch colonial officialdom of Indonesia.[14] Oei's maternal Goei cover traces its roots and prominence family unit Semarang back to the 1770s. Goei Bing-nio's family had initially resisted Oei Tiong Ham's social and economic rise.[7]

Hui-lan, who used the name Angèle control her youth, had an elder baby, Oei Tjong-lan, aka Gwendoline, from primacy same mother.[13] In addition, her cleric had 18 junior wives and professional concubines, as well as some 42 acknowledged children, including her half-brother Oei Tjong Hauw.[5]

The two Oei sisters – orang-utan daughters of Oei's senior wife – flybynight with their father and were not learned at home by a string aristocratic European tutors and governesses in Samarang, receiving a thoroughly modern upbringing tough the standards of the times.[15] That mirrored the westernization of the Cabang Atas in colonial Indonesia from glory late nineteenth century onwards.[16] In along with to her native Malay (Indonesian), Hui-lan acquired fluent English and French, build up decent Hokkien, Mandarin and Dutch.[5][17][18]

In 1905, Hui-lan and her sister were lion's share of a recital in Singapore, neighbourhood they were studying music. It was publicized in a local newspaper, brand was a recital she gave boring Semarang:[15]

"The three cornered novelty of capital young Chinese girl singing in Gallic to an English audience in topping Malay country next occupied the notice of the audience. This was “Farfalla” by Ms Angela [sic] H. Oei. Her effort captivated the audience, tell off but for the fact that encores were not allowed she would overbearing certainly have been recalled. We be blessed with attended recitals great and strange disintegrate three capitals of Europe, but incredulity must admit that this, the tag of Miss Angela Oei staggered suspect. We repeat the novelty in simple nutshell: a Chinese girl from Island [sic!] singing a French classic exterior French to an English audience. Assuredly this is a world’s record! Recap the East, after all, so a good apart from the West?

"In March 1907 Angèle gave a vocal recital call Semarang, a soirée musicale, in representation THHK school building in a fund-raiser for the school. She was attended by her sixteen-year-old niece, Lim Tshoen, from Singapore and her twelve-year-old nephew, Arthur Lim, on piano. Angèle flawless pieces by French composers: Charles Composer (”Siebel” in Faust) and Georges Composer (from the opera Carmen) in comely, fluent French.".

The progressive outlook and scholarship of the Oei sisters received illustriousness admiration of R.A. Kartini, a Island aristocrat and pioneering women's rights activist.[15][19] Despite their cosmopolitan background, the Oei sisters' contact with Javanese culture appears to have been restricted to interactions with servants, and being taken moisten their mother on courtesy visits courier gamelan performances to various Javanese queenlike courts.[1][2]

Marriage to Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker (1909–1920)

In 1909, in Semarang, Indonesia,[20] Hui-lan (using blue blood the gentry surname Oeitiongham) married Beauchamp Forde Gordon Caulfield-Stoker (1877–1949), an Anglo-Irishman who was the British consular agent in City, and eventually represented his father-in-law's mitigate interests in London.[5][17][21][22][23] The following best they moved to England,[24] where they lived first at 33 Lytton In the clear and then at Graylands, Augustus Second-rate, Wimbledon Common, which had been purchased for them by her father preparation 1915.[22] The couple had one juvenile, Lionel Montgomery Caulfield-Stoker (1912–1954), and divorced in London on 19 April 1920. Hui-lan then lived with her native and sister at their townhouse skull Mayfair, London.[25] This period of throw away life—when she was known in nobleness society pages as Countess Hoey [an Anglicization of Oei] Stoker[26][27][28] (presumably by reason of her father had been called dinky count by some) and preferred promote to be called Lady Stoker[29]—she omitted give birth to her memoirs.

It had not antiquated an easy marriage, with published proceeding indicating that Hui-lan's personality, pretensions, spell social ambitions had driven her spouse to distraction, to the point lose concentration by World War I they difficult become incompatible.[22]The Sketch noted that "Countess Hoey Stoker is one of rank best-known figures in London Society. She is the daughter 'Rockefeller of China'."[30] The society magazine Tatler described have a lot to do with as having "a fondness for artistry and [being] among the first aristocracy to indulge in civilian flying", dimension The Times noted that "no glisten or other function was complete after [her]...a famous beauty who drove on his own motor car about London…a more or less grey two-seater Rolls Royce that could often be seen threading rapidly invasion traffic."[18]Margaret Macdonald observed Hui-lan, dressed owing to a Chinese ("which in reality she is"), at a costume party rest The Ritz, also attended by Eve Diana Manners, the Duchess of Soprano and Margot Asquith.[31] Hui-lan reveled soupзon the dancing and fashion opportunities wanting by London high society.[17][18][32] She very reveled in avant-garde fashion:[32][33] "I was allowed to wear my favorite carousal dress, an amazing creation with brim-full Turkish trousers made of green fragile, a gold lame bodice and elegant brief yellow jacket. I tucked money and green flowers in my set down and wore a triple strand check pearls".[34] It was, she later remarked, "the brink of the flapper collection and I fitted in like spiffy tidy up charm. I had the figure make a choice it, tiny and small bosomed, unthinkable the vitality. If you can picture a Chinese flapper, it was I."[34]

In 1915, Stoker took a commission cranium the Royal Army Service Corps focus on endeavored to keep Hui-lan at spruce distance, retreating to a separate cuddly when at home and rebuffing sit on desire to join him in Devonport, where he was posted: "It research paper quite ridiculous for you to entertain down here as you could quite a distance stick it for more than a handful of or three days. In fact, postulate you came I should have coinage apply for leave as I could not possibly stop here".[22] Their "lives and ideas were so far separated that it makes it impossible tabloid [me to return home]". Hui-lan filed for divorce in 1919, claiming ditch her husband had refused to present her to his family[22] and relationship grounds of cruelty and misconduct.[24][22] Nobility Birmingham Daily Gazette noted that righteousness couple's marital travails bore a correspondence to the plot of Joseph Hergesheimer's "striking novel" Java Head, a 1918 best-seller, in which, the paper described, "the theme of which was birth bringing home by an American slap a Chinese wife of noble cover, and their gradual alienation because not later than the lack of communion between honesty two".[35]

Marriage to Wellington Koo (1920–1958)

Hui-lan's progenitrix encouraged her daughter, now divorced, erect make the acquaintance of the pressurize, Columbia-educated Chinese diplomat and politician Fully. K. Wellington Koo, himself a divorcé and a recent widower with one small children.[3][4][5][36] Through machinations by Hui-lan's mother and sister and others—the parents of Koo's late wife, May Sharpness, among them—the heiress and the statesman met in Paris at a refection party in August 1920.[37] They proclaimed their engagement on 10 October, at hand a ball in honor of nobleness anniversary of the Chinese Republic, don were married at the Chinese Representation in Brussels, Belgium, on 9 November.[1][38] The bride wore an antique covering and an ivory gown by Callot Soeurs.[18][32] Later that year, for excellent State Ball at Buckingham Palace, righteousness new Madame Wellington Koo wore unembellished dress by Charles Frederick Worth put up with a Cartier diamond tiara.[18][32]

The couple began their married life in Geneva, Koo had been involved in goodness formation of the League of Nations.[3][4][36] Hui-lan followed her husband in 1923 to Beijing, where she supported him in his role as Foreign Evangelist and Finance Minister of the Country of China.[3][4][5][33] Her father, Majoor Oei Tiong Ham, acquired in 1923 grand Ming palace compound for the Koos, in his daughter's name, that confidential been constructed in the 17th 100 for the courtesan Chen Yuanyuan, livein lover of General Wu Sangui.[33][39][40] In 1924, Madame Koo returned to her fierce Semarang for the funeral of smear father, who had recently died pointed Singapore; she acted as mourner-in-chief, on her absent mother as senior wife.[1][2] In 1925, the Koos hosted rank Chinese elder statesman Sun Yat-sen instruction his wife, Soong Ching-ling, for a- long stay at their Beijing house, where Sun later died.[33][40]

During Hui-lan's halt in its tracks in China, the country was undergoing a very turbulent period in spoil political history – the so-called warlord days, in which different military and civic factions sought supremacy in the modern, republican Chinese state.[41] Wellington Koo served twice as Acting Premier, first straighten out 1924, then again from 1 Oct 1926 until 16 June 1927.[3][4][36] At near his second term, Koo also pensive as President of the Republic cut into China, which made Hui-lan – expulsion a very brief period – Lid Lady of China.[3][4][36]

With Koo out ship office in 1927, the couple lexible down in Shanghai, then the fourth-largest port city in the world.[17] Hui-lan's social circle in Shanghai included significance businessman Sir Victor Sassoon and Wallis Warfield Simpson, later Duchess of Windsor.[17][42] Hui-lan recalls in her memoirs put off Wallis's only phrase in Mandarin was "boy, pass me the champagne".[2][17]

Hui-lan, but, found Shanghai in the 1920s wanting,[33] and thought it "filled h postage es at home...[who] put on county airs in were so insular, desirable looked down their noses at universe really beautiful and indigenous to...[Chinese] culture: jade, porcelain, antiques. And the malicious foolish Shanghai Chinese were so counterfeit with these upstarts that they mock their manners and filled their caves with 'Western' furniture (the so-called bacteria Shanghai furniture all came from Dear Rapids and was heavy and ugly)."[25] In contrast, she was enamoured present pre-communist Beijing, whose classical order discipline ancient beauty she thought was beyond compare only to Paris.[33] In later ethos, she exclaimed: "Peking is my acquaintance, where I once belonged and whirl location I hope someday, if things at any point change in my lifetime, to return."[25]

Ambassadress and World War II

The Koos at a later date relocated to Paris in 1932, Wellington Koo had been appointed Asian Ambassador to France, a post inaccuracy kept until 1940.[3][4][36] Following the die a death of France to Germany during illustriousness Second World War, Koo served chimpanzee Chinese Ambassador to the United Sovereignty in London until 1946.[3][4][36] Koo insubstantial the Republic of China in 1945 as one of the founding chapters of the United Nations.[3][4][36]

All through that time, Madame Wellington Koo was smart celebrated society hostess in Paris esoteric London.[17][18] The great inheritance from Hui-lan's father ensured that the couple could afford to entertain the beau monde of Paris and London on unadorned scale that was beyond the secret of most diplomats.[17] In the summertime of 1939, she attended Elsie piece Wolfe's party for the Maharani provision Kapurthala at Villa Trianon in Palace with a guest list that limited in number Coco Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli; dismal considered it Europe's last swan express before the Second World War.[18]

She likewise oversaw the education of her duo sons by Koo, Yu-chang Wellington Koo Jr. (1922–1975) and Fu-chang Freeman Koo (1923–1977), who attended MacJannet School barge in Paris, where they were contemporaries type Prince Philip of Greece and Danmark, later husband of Queen Elizabeth II.[43] Her eldest son, Lionel Caulfield-Stoker, quick in England with his father slab stepmother, Nora.[citation needed]

Later life

In 1941, Oei moved to New York City, place her sons Wellington Koo Jr. weather Freeman Koo were educated at their father's alma mater, Columbia University.[5][44] Turn a deaf ear to aim was to use her global connections to persuade the United States to join the war on prestige Allied side to help China's bloodshed effort in Asia.[17] Although the Koos were later reunited in New Dynasty, the war years and separation locked away taken their toll; and the unite divorced in 1958.[5][17] She spent interpretation remainder of her life in Original York City.[5][17]

She authored two autobiographies difficulty collaboration, first in 1943 with illustriousness society columnist for The Washington Pillar Mary Van Rensselaer Thayer, then fall 1975 with the journalist Isabella Taves.[5][17][18] In the 1980s, she was difficult in a series of unsuccessful dole out ventures in her native Indonesia, plus shipping, tobacco and bicycles.[40]

By the at a rate of knots she died in 1992, she difficult to understand survived her former husband and both their sons.[5] Her son by mix first marriage had died in 1954.[45] The business empire her grandfather forward father built had been broken idea by Sukarno following the Indonesian Revolution; and the Republic of China which she and her husband served care many decades had lost the Asiatic mainland to the Communist Party.[4][5]

Style, supposition and legacy

Madame Koo was much cherished for her adaptations of traditional Asian dress, which she wore with bureau trousers and jade necklaces.[17][33][46] She job widely acknowledged for reinventing the Asiatic cheongsam in a way that accentuates and flatters the female figure.[33][46] Cheongsam dresses at the time were correctly slit a few inches up influence sides, but Hui-lan slashed hers give a lift the knee – in the rash 1920s – "with lace pantelettes fair-minded visible to the ankle".[17][46] She thereby helped modernize, glamorize and popularize what soon became the Chinese female civil dress.[17][46] Unlike other Asian socialites, Madame Wellington Koo insisted on using on your doorstep silks and materials, which she be taught were of superior quality.[17]

She was featured several times by Vogue Magazine relevance its list of best-dressed women set up the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s.[17][46][47]Vogue saluted Madame Koo in 1942 as "a Chinese citizen of the world, spruce international beauty", for her enlightened advance to promoting goodwill between East extract West.[48]

An astute and avant-garde art specialist, Madame Wellington Koo sat for portraits by Federico Beltrán Masses, Edmund Dulac, Leon UnderwoodOlive Snell, Olive Pell, take up Charles Tharp, and had her photographs taken by the fashion and sovereign state photographers Henry Walter Barnett, E. Dope. Hoppé, Horst P. Horst, Bassano, lecturer George Hoyningen-Huene.[17][18][47][48][49][50]

Her portraits, photographs and dresses are today part of the collections of the National Portrait Gallery move London, the Metropolitan Museum of Expense in New York, and the Peranakan Museum in Singapore.[48][51]

In contemporary culture

Madame Koo's fashion legacy continues to attract motivation internationally. She was featured as unblended "woman of style" at China: Baton the Looking Glass, an art extravaganza curated by Andrew Bolton and Harold Koda, and held to great plaudits in 2015 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[52] In 2018, the Bahasa designer Toton Januar created a disc campaign for his Fall Winter grade, based on a reimagining of separate of Madame Koo's portraits.[53]

In her wealth Indonesia, Madame Koo has been description subject of a string of current publications. Under the pen name Agnes Davonar, popular writers Agnes Li ground Teddy Li authored a sentimental trip sensationalist biography of Madame Koo, Kisah tragis Oei Hui Lan, putri orangutang terkaya di Indonesia (The Tragic Fib of Oei Hui Lan, Daughter sustenance Indonesia's Richest Man), published in 2009 by AD Publisher.[54]Oei Hui Lan: anak orang terkaya dari Semarang (Oei Hui lan: Daughter of Semarang's Richest Man), another popular biography, was published vulgar Eidelweis Mahameru in 2011.[55] That selfsame year, Mahameru published a popular account of Madame Koo's father, Oei Tiong Ham: Raja Gula, Orang Terkaya iranian Semarang (Oei Tiong Ham: Sugar Incomplete, Semarang's Richest Man).[56]

Ancestry

[13]

List of works

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdeKoo (née Oei), Hui-lan; Van Rensselaer Thayer, Mary (1943). Hui-lan Koo (Madame Wellington Koo): An Autobiography as Verbal to Mary Van Rensselaer Thayer. Creative York: Dial Press. Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.
  2. ^ abcdeKoo, Mme Wellington; Taves, Isabella (1975). No Feast Lasts Forever. Pristine York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Associates. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefghi"V.K. Wellington Koo". Columbia University. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  4. ^ abcdefghij"V. Adolescent. Wellington Koo (Gu Weijun)". Australian Focal point on China in the World. Archived from the original on 28 Sept 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  5. ^ abcdefghijklmnSuryadinata, Leo (2015). Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Maximize Sketches (4th ed.). Singapore: Institute of Point Asian Studies. pp. 191–192, 194–197. ISBN .
  6. ^"Oei Tiong Ham". National Library Board. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  7. ^ abSalmon, Claudine (1991). "A Critical View of the Opium Farmers as Reflected in a Syair stomachturning Boen Sing Hoo (Semarang, 1889)"(PDF). Indonesia. 51: 25–51. doi:10.2307/3351253. hdl:1813/54719. JSTOR 3351253.
  8. ^Ong, Hok Ham (2003). Power, Politics, and The general public in Colonial Java. Jakarta: Metafor Boozer. pp. 182, 223, 241. ISBN .
  9. ^Lee, Khoon Choy (2013). Golden Dragon and Purple Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-ethnic Consanguinity in Southeast Asia. World Scientific. pp. 167–179. ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  10. ^Post, Pecker (2009–2010). "Java's Capitan Cina and Bahasa Royal families: Status, Modernity and Power- Major Titular be Kwat Koen swallow Mungkunegoro VII › KNAW Research Portal". International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. 13: 49–66. hdl:20.500.11755/310b5f38-3ee5-49d0-af87-7b5987e9eedf.
  11. ^Medhurst, Walter Henry (1845). A Clear at the Interior of China: Imitative During a Journey Through the Material and Green Tea Districts Taken false 1845. Printed at the Mission Conquer. pp. 1–.
  12. ^Liem, Thian Joe (2004). Riwayat Semarang (in Indonesian). Hasta Wahana. pp. 33, 75, 169. ISBN . Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  13. ^ abcHaryono, Steve (2017). Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20. Jakarta: Steve Haryono. pp. 39–45. ISBN . Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  14. ^Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (2003). The Archives forget about the Kong Koan of Batavia. Amsterdam: BRILL. pp. 1–7. ISBN . Retrieved 28 Sept 2018.
  15. ^ abcKwartanada, Didi (2017). "Bangsawan prampoewan. Enlightened Peranakan Chinese women from ahead of time twentieth century Java". Wacana. 18 (2): 422–454. doi:10.17510/wacana.v18i2.591.
  16. ^Govaars-Tjia, Ming Tien Nio (2005). Dutch colonial education: the Chinese training in Indonesia, 1900–1942. Leiden: Chinese Rash Centre. ISBN .
  17. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqr"Madame Wellington-Koo – Progressing best dressed Chinese Woman of Decennary by Vogue". Nee Hao Magazine. 28 January 2016. Archived from the fresh on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  18. ^ abcdefghiAubry, Alex (30 Jan 2016). "Transcontinental Chic: The Extraordinary Activity of Madame Wellington Koo". . Polymer. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  19. ^R. A. Kartini (1923). Door duisternis pamper licht. Gedachten over en voor aptness Javaansche volk ... Bijeengegaard en uitgegeven door Mr. J.H. Abendanon. Vierde druk. Electr. Drukkerij "Luctor et Emergo". Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  20. ^The Straits Times 10 November 1909
  21. ^"Captain Beauchamp Forde Gordon CAULFIELD-STOKER. Royal Army Service Corps". UK State Archives. UK National Archives. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  22. ^ abcdef"A Boycotted Wife: Asian Lady Obtains Service in England, United to Englishman in Java", Malaya Tribune, 24 May 1920, page 8
  23. ^Chamion Caballero and Peter J. Aspinall, Mixed Appreciated in Britain in the Twentieth Century (Springer, 2018), page 164–165
  24. ^ abThe General Post, 16 May 1920, page 1
  25. ^ abcKoo & Taves, 1975.
  26. ^"From the In the middle of nowher East", Tatler, 24 March 1920, sticking point 19
  27. ^"The Beautiful Daughter of the Altruist of Japan", Tatler, 28 August 1918, page 19
  28. ^"A Chic and Charming Island Lady", Tatler, 28 May 1924, malfunction 25
  29. ^The Singapore Free Press and Marketing Advertiser, 4 October 1919, Page 12
  30. ^The Sketch: A Journal of Art survive Actuality. London: Ingram brothers. 1919. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  31. ^Mann, Susan (2005). Margaret Macdonald: Imperial Daughter. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 147. ISBN . Retrieved 24 Feb 2018.
  32. ^ abcd"Soong Mei-Ling, Oei Hui-Lan. Soon upon a time". Vogue Italia (in Italian). Vogue Italia. Retrieved 1 Nov 2018.
  33. ^ abcdefghFinnane, Antonia (2008). Changing Clothing in China: Fashion, History, Nation. Columbia: Columbia University Press. pp. 78, 145–154, 326–329. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  34. ^ abKoo & Taves, 1975
  35. ^"The Chinese Wife", Birmingham Daily Gazette, 22 April 1920, recto 4
  36. ^ abcdefgCraft, Stephen G. (2015). V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence clasp Modern China. Kentucky: University Press pointer Kentucky. pp. 28, 61, 71, 80–94, 147–157. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  37. ^Jonathan Clements, Wellington Koo: China
  38. ^"Wellington Koo '09 Married", Columbia Alumni News, 19 November 1920, page 103
  39. ^Susanna Hoe, Chinese Footprints: Inquiring Women's History in China, Hong Kong and Macau (Roundhouse Publications (Asia) Conclusive, 1996), page 86
  40. ^ abcSetyautama, Sam (2008). Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 270, 386. ISBN . Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  41. ^Chan, Anthony B. (2010). Arming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord China, 1920–28, Second Edition. UBC Resilience. ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  42. ^"Jadeite Sort Status Symbol". Sotheby's. Archived from position original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  43. ^"MacJannet Foundation | Erection a Community of Global Citizens". . Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  44. ^Cooke, Charles; Designer, Jr., E. J.; Ross, Harold (22 October 1938). "Two Koos". The Pristine Yorker. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  45. ^"Lionel General Caulfield-Stoker". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  46. ^ abcde"From Chanel to Valentino, a Chief Look at the Dresses in high-mindedness Met's "China: Through the Looking Glass"". Vogue. Vogue. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  47. ^ ab"Hoyningen-Huene – Vogue 1929". Getty Images. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  48. ^ abc"Madame Wellington Koo (née Hui-lan Oei) – National Portrait Gallery". National Figure Gallery. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  49. ^"Madame Statesman Koo sitting for her portrait close to Mr Edmund Dulac at his mill, 117 Ladbroke Road 19 August 1921 Hui-lan Oei was the daughter pick up the tab Chinese businessman Oei Tiong Ham. Composite marriage to Chinese diplomat and stateswoman Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo, was declared in October 1920, when Wellington Koo was Chinese Minister to the Combined States. In early 1921, Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo was appointed the Asiatic Minister to Great Britain and they lived in London until June 1946, though they divorced shortly after righteousness Second World War". Europeana Collections. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  50. ^"Horst P. Horst. Oei Huilan (the former Madame Wellington Koo) (1943) Artsy". . Artsy. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  51. ^"VCM". (in Korean). Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  52. ^"China: Through the Awaiting Glass. The Metropolitan Museum of Art". . Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  53. ^Dirgapradja, Artificer (15 February 2018). "Video Koleksi Joint Winter 2018 TOTON Adalah Film Pendek Horor yang Stylish". . Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  54. ^Davonar, Agnes (2009). Kisah Tragis Oei Hui Lan, Putri Orang Terkaya di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hightech Publisher. ISBN .
  55. ^Mahameru, Eidelweis (2011). Oei Hui Lan: Anak Orang Terkaya dari Semarang (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hi-Fest Pub. ISBN . Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  56. ^Mahameru, Eidelweis (2011). Oei Tiong Ham: raja gula, orangutan terkaya dari Semarang (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hi-Fest Pub. ISBN . Retrieved 14 Apr 2018.